Chapter 13

Question 1

The proper order of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and _____.

Answer 1

genital

Question 2

According to the text, in one survey, _____ percent of university students believed that painful experiences commonly get pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious.

Answer 2

88

Question 3

Carl Jung proposed the concept of the collective _____.

Answer 3

unconscious

Question 4

Mary’s husband has been cheating on her for the past several months. While apparent to many of her friends, she is able to explain away evidence of his infidelity. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is she using?

Answer 4

denial

Question 5

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the __________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain

Answer 5

Ego

Question 6

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the __________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification

Answer 6

id

Question 7

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, and the __________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

Answer 7

superego

Question 8

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during the first three psychosexual stages may lead to __________ at that stage.

Answer 8

fixation

Question 9

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate __________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against __________.

Answer 9

unconsciously; anxiety

Question 10

Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. The theorist _____ wrote about cases like Steve when discussing the inferiority complex.

Answer 10

Alfred Adler

Question 11

Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples’ driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as _____, while today researchers would describe this as _____.

1. projection; identification
2. false consensus effect; projection
3. projection; false consensus effect
4. Oedipus complex; false consensus effect

Answer 11

• projection; false consensus effect

Question 12

The projective test known as the _____ test seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation.

Answer 12

Rorschach inkblot

Question 13

According to Freud, the part of the mind that is an impulsive mechanism is the:

a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. dynamic unconscious.

Answer 13

id

Question 14

_____ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; this attitude nurtures growth in others.

1. Self-actualization
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Reaction formation
4. The Electra complex

Answer 14

Unconditional positive regard

Question 15

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:

1. an external locus of control.
2. reciprocal determinism.
3. priming.
4. a positive self-concept.

Answer 15

• a positive self-concept.

Question 16

_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

1. Regression toward the mean
2. Correlational analysis
3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
4. Factor analysis

Answer 16

Factor analysis

Question 17

One of the Big Five personality factors is:

1. reciprocal determinism.
2. self-actualization.
3. agreeableness.
4. psychoanalysis.

Answer 17

agreeableness.

Question 18

According to Abraham Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for _____.

Answer 18

self-transcendence

Question 19

Starke Hathaway is to _____ as Alfred Binet is to _____.

1. personality measurement; intelligence measurement
2. intelligence; personality
3. Austria; France
4. introversion; extraversion

Answer 19

• personality measurement; intelligence measurement

Question 20

Around the world, people describe others’ personality traits in terms that seem to be consistent with a set of factors called:

1. defense mechanisms.
2. psychosexual stages.
3. the hierarchy of needs.
4. the Big Five.

Answer 20

the Big Five.

Question 21

Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive _____.

Answer 21

self-concept

Question 22

Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

Answer 22

factor analysis

Question 23

What are the Big Five personality factors

Answer 23

The Big Five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE).

Question 24

The Big Five personality factor known as_____ involves the following endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.

Answer 24

extraversion

Question 25

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest being genuine with them and showing them unconditional _____ regard.

Answer 25

positive

Question 26

All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

self-esteem

Question 27

Maslows Heiarchy of needs, list from least to greatest

Answer 27

physiological needs personal safety seek to love self-esteem self-actualization self-transcendence

Question 28

Dr. Smith is attempting to develop a new personality test. As part of the process she needs to identify clusters of related items. For this she will probably need to apply \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

factor anaylsis

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_ proposed the social-cognitive perspective. 1. Sigmund Freud 2. Albert Bandura 3. Abraham Maslow 4. Carl Rogers

Answer 29

* Albert Bandura

Question 30

According to the text, people are often most overconfident when they are most: 1. incompetent. 2. anxious. 3. pessimistic. 4. self-actualized.

Answer 30

incompetent.

Question 31

According to the text, several studies have shown that _____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer. 1. 60; 70 2. 90; 90 3. 80; 80 4. 80; 90

Answer 31

90; 90

Question 32

The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism. 1. trait 2. social-cognitive 3. psychoanalytic 4. humanistic

Answer 32

* social-cognitive

Question 33

People who have an external locus of control believe that chance or outside forces determine their fate. People who have a(n) _____ locus of control believe that they control their own destiny.

Answer 33

internal

Question 34

Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to: 1. try out many possible selves. 2. focus on others. 3. feel what the spotlight effect is like. 4. commit the self-serving bias.

Answer 34

* try out many possible selves.

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Answer 35

Bandura

Question 36

Susan failed her psychology test despite studying all night. She realized that she should have been studying days prior to the exam rather than pulling an all-nighter. She only blames herself for her grade. She would be said to have: 1. personal control. 2. belief perseverance. 3. an external locus of control. 4. an internal locus of control.

Answer 36

* an internal locus of control.

Question 37

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates: 1. the Barnum effect. 2. the self-reference effect. 3. the spotlight effect. 4. reciprocal determinism.

Answer 37

* the spotlight effect.

Question 38

Albert Bandura proposed the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – __________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 38

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

Question 39

Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through _____ or by observing and imitating others.

Answer 39

conditioning

Question 40

You image the self you want to be: a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming: a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of possible \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 40

roles

Question 41

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term \_\_\_\_\_. 1. social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism 2. psychodynamic; reciprocal determinism 3. social-cognitive; self-actualization 4. reciprocal determinism; social-cognitive

Answer 41

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

Question 42

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this the _____ effect.

Answer 42

spotlight

Question 43

Seth is young man who considers himself to be very successful, and who enjoys the finer things in life. He makes a lot of money, and spends it on clothes, cars, gambling, and women. Most psychologists would agree that Seth seems to display a high level of: 1. narcissism. 2. overconfidence. 3. displacement. 4. pessimism.

Answer 43

* narcissism.

Question 44

After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her situation. Her reaction best illustrates: 1. an Electra complex. 2. the spotlight effect. 3. learned helplessness. 4. defensive self-esteem.

Answer 44

learned helplessness. ## Footnote

Question 45

Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of _____ style.

Answer 45

attributional

Question 46

Martin Seligman strapped dogs into a harness and repeatedly shocked them. The dogs could not avoid the shocks. Later, placed in a situation where they COULD escape the shocks, the dogs cowered as if without hope. This passive resignation is known as \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

learned helplessness

Question 47

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

reciprical determanisim

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Answer 48

Personality

Question 49

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Answer 49

psychodynamic theories:

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Answer 50

free association

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Answer 51

psychoanalysis

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Answer 52

unconscious

Question 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Answer 53

Id

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Answer 54

ego

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Answer 55

superego

Question 56

define psychosexual stages

Answer 56

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Question 57

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

Answer 57

identification

Question 58

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Answer 58

fixation

Question 59

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Answer 59

Defense Mechanisim

Question 60

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Answer 60

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 61

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

Answer 61

collective unconscious

Question 62

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Answer 62

repression

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Answer 63

humanistic theories

Question 64

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

Answer 64

projective test

Question 65

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Answer 65

terror-management theory

Question 66

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Answer 66

self-actualization

Question 67

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Answer 67

unconditional positive regard

Question 68

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Answer 68

self-concept

Question 69

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Answer 69

trait

Question 70

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Answer 70

personality inventory

Question 71

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Answer 71

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 72

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Answer 72

empirically derived test

Question 73

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Answer 73

social-cognitive perspective

Question 74

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Answer 74

reciprocal determinism

Question 75

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.

Answer 75

personal control

Question 76

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Answer 76

external locus of control

Question 77

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the perception that you control your own fate.

Answer 77

internal locus of control

Question 78

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Answer 78

self-control

Question 79

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Answer 79

learned helplessness

Question 80

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 80

positive psychology

Question 81

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Answer 81

self

Question 82

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Answer 82

spotlight effect

Question 83

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

Answer 83

self-esteem

Question 84

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Answer 84

self-serving bias

Question 85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Answer 85

narcissism