Chapter 13 Flashcards
Understand that instrumental traits are more often seen as “masculine” whereas expressive traits tend to be seen as “feminine”. Which traits are more valued in our society?
Instrumental: reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness
Expressive: emphasizing warmth, caring and sensitivity
Masculine traits are more valued
How do parents differ in their reactions to male and female children on such issues as physical activity, affection, play objects, independence, punishment, and concern for proper sex-role behavior?
Stereotypical answer. Parents encourage gender-specific play and behavior.
Be familiar with the development of gender stereotyping, and the factors that contribute to its development.
Development: Stereotypes begin around 18 months. Strengthen and become rigid through early childhood producing cognitive limitations. Stereotypes are extended to include personalities and school subjects.
Influences:Biological and environmental
Be familiar with gender constancy.
- Gender labeling- children in early preschool years can correctly ID their own sex and that of others but do not understand its permanence through biology
- Gender stability- preschoolers grasp the stability of sex over time
- Gender consistency- children in late preschoold and early school years understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses in cross-gender clothes or engages in nontraditional activities
Describe gender intensification. What factors contribute to its development?
Gender intensification: increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Factors: biological (puberty), social and cognitive
To what extent do boys and girls differ on measures of cognitive (mental) abilities?
Verbal: Girls do better from early ages and throughout school. Possible due to advantage in left hemisphere of brain or to parents talking more to girls and language arts being considered feminine.
Math: Boys are better at abstract reasoning. Gap is larger at higher levels, though shrinking. Possibly due to: boys have better numerical memory and spatial reasoning or parents see boys as better at math and math is considered masculine.
To what extent do boys and girls differ on measures of personality?
Females: -more emotionally sensitive, express more freely and intensely
-more likely to suffer depression
Males: more physically aggressive
Active, aggressive, ambitious, and self-confident are all examples of __________ traits that aretypically considered to be __________.
D. Instrumental; masculine.
Not: expressive/feminine; expressive/masculine; or instrumental/feminine
Research findings suggest that language is __________ teach children about gender stereotypes and gender roles.
D. a powerful indurect means to
Not: not a factor in the way parents; unrelated to how parents; or the only means through which parents
As she gets older, Amanda understands that she cannot be a boy if she wanted to. Yet, she still believes that a boy who dresses as a girl will cause that person to become a girl. She is in which stage of gender constancy development?
C. Gender stability
Not:androgyny, gender consistency, or gender labeling
Manisha reports feeling satisfied with being a girl. Manisha can be considered
A. a gender-contented child
Not: a gender-typical child, gender discontented, or a child who feels intense pressure to conform to her gender role.
Although Kyra was considered a “tomboy” throughout most of her elementary school years, during middle school she became more interested in her appearance, spending greater amounts of time on her hair, fingernail polish, and begging her mother to let her wear makeup. Kyra’s situation is an example of
A. gender intensification
Not: gender consistency, gender stability, or gender endurance
