Chapter 11 Flashcards
- What is the “self concept” and how is it related to social comparisons and cognitive development?
Self concept: set of attributes, abilities, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
What is self-esteem, and what are some factors that influence it?
Self esteem: Judgements we make about our own worth , feelings about those judgements, includes global appraisal and judgements of different aspects of self.
Influences: age, school transitions; culture; child rearing practices (too controlling parents linked to low SE, overtly indulgent parent links to high SE which can make them agressive when faced with reality)
What often happens to self-esteem during the school years? How is this related to “social comparison?”
During school years, SE drops because they recieve more competence related feedback.
Their performances are judged in relation to others because they are cognitively capable of social comparison (judgements of their own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others).
Part 1. Describe “mastery-oriented” and “learned helplessness” attributions. How does each type of child deal with (explain) success and failure (“incremental” vs. “entity” view of ability)? What role do teachers play in creating learned helplessness? How can learned helplessness be alleviated?
MO- attributions that credit success to ability, have incremental view of ability (can improve by trying hard), and credit failure to insuffiecient effort.
LH- view that success is due to external factors while failure is due to low ability which cannot be improved by trying hard. (entity view of ability)
Part 2. Describe “mastery-oriented” and “learned helplessness” attributions. How does each type of child deal with (explain) success and failure (“incremental” vs. “entity” view of ability)? What role do teachers play in creating learned helplessness? How can learned helplessness be alleviated?
Teachers can focus on learning or performance goals. Learning goals- MO, Performance goals- LH.
Attribution retaining- an intervention that uses adult feedback t oencourage LH children to believe that they can overcome failure through effort
Briefly describe Marcia’s four “identity statuses”: identify diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement
Identity diffusion: id status of people who do not engage in exploration and are not committed to values and goals.
Foreclosure: id status of people who, without engaging in exploration, commit themselves to ready-made values and goals chosen for them by authority figures
Moratorium: id status of people who are exploring but not yet committed to self-chosen values and goals
Achievement: id status of people who, after a period of exploration, have committed themselves to self-chosen values and goals
What are some special concerns of minority ethnic group adolescents in the search for identity? What are the advantages of having a “bicultural identity?”
Concerns: Acculturative stress- psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and the host culture
Advantages: tend to be achieved in other areas of identity, and to have favorable relations with members of other ethinc groups. Enhances emotional and social development
Describe in-group favoritism, out-group prejudice, and out-group favoritism. How do might these constructs differ across ethnic majority and ethnic minority students.
IGF: rating own group favorably and other groups less so or negatively
OGP: negative attitudes or stereotypes for other groups
OGF: positive attributes for other group
Difference: Ethnic minority students are more likely to experience OGF
What are some factors that may influence an individual’s degree of ethnic bias or prejudice?
- Fixed view of personality traits (good or bad vs changing)
- overly high self esteem
- social worldview that sorts people into groups (adults distinguish, children emulate)
What type of activities may reduce prejudice?
- Intergroup contact
- Long-term contact and collabortion
- seeing other’s traits and changeable
- school diversity
Colin says, “I’m Colin. I’m 6 years old and I have 2 older brothers. I’m pretty good at school, and really good at running and football. I tell good jokes, and I’m a pretty good drawer. I’m not very good at wrestling, and I don’t like doing my chores. Sometimes I get mad at my brothers and yell a lot.” Colin is describing his
C. Self concept
Not: outer child, perspetie taking or inner child
Ethan tells his mother that he is not very good at math because he got seven questions wrong on his math test and his friend Jack only got one question wrong. Ethan’s conclusion that he is “not very good at math” demonstrates the concept of
C social comparisons
Not: achievement motivation, belief-desire theory of mind or perspective taking
Which type of child-rearing practice is linked to low self-esteem?
D. Parents who too often help or make decisions for their child
Not: the use of firm expectations that are backed up with explanations, warm positive parenting or overly tolerant and indulgent parenting
Aubrey is high in achievement motivation. She credits her school successes to ability and hardwork. Aubrey
C. Has mastery-oriented attributions
Not: is displaying LH, does not have an incremental view of ability or holds an entity view of ability
Fourteen-year-old Maria is volunteering at a local animal shelter to help her decide whether she wants to become a veterinarian. Her identity status would most likely be classified as
A. Moratorium
Not: ID achievement, foreclosure or diffusion
