Chapter 12 Flashcards
Be familiar with the various perspectives on moral development (biological, psychodynamic, social learning theory, behaviorist, cognitive-developmental). How does each explain moral development?
Morals: code of conduct for a societal group
Biological: evolutionary, genetic heritage, brain areas
Psychodynamic/emotional: induction, emapthy-based guilt
Social learning theory: modeling moral behavior
Behaviorist: rewards and punishment
Cognitive-developmental: children as active thinkers about social issues
Define inductive discipline. What role may child factors play in inductive discipline?
ID: adult helps child notice other’s feelings by pointing out the effects of child’s misbehavior on others, especially noting their distress and making clear that the child caused it
Child factors: empathetic children require less power assertion; children with anxious temperament need mild, patient tactics because they may panic when in trouble; fearless temperament children need firm corrections from warm relationships and repetitive discipline is needed.
List some of the negative effects of harsh physical punishment.
- spanking models aggressive behavior
- children may react with anger, resentment, and a chronic sense of being personally threatened which promts focus on self distress rather than stmpathetic orientation to other’s needs
- conflict ridden, less supporitve child-parent relationship, and avoidance
- Frequency can spiral into abuse
- Transference to next generation
List three effective alternatives to harsh physical punishment.
- time out
- withdrawing priviledges
- positive discipline
List three factors that increase the effectiveness of punishment.
- consistency
- warm parent-child relationship
- explanations
What is positive discipline and how does it differ from punishment?
PD:-use transgressions as opportunity to teach; reduce opportunities for misbehavior; provide reasons for rules; family routines/duties; compromise/problem solving; encourage maturity; be sensitive
Differences: -let child know how to act ahead of time
-praise mature behavior
-build mutually respectful bond
Explain the difference between proactive and reactive aggression.
Proactive: meant to help the child get something he wants
Reactive: meant to hurt someone else (in response to provocation)
Describe Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning. Explain the standards used to make moral judgments in each level. Does everyone reach stage 6?
Preconventional: morality is externally controlled. Authority rules are accepted and actions are judged by consequences.
Conventional: Conformity is still valued but not selfishly. Maintaining current social system ensures positive human relationships and societal order.
Postconventional: No longer unquestioning of laws/rules of society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations in all societies.
Stage 6: Few move past stage 4
Define physical, verbal, and “relational” forms of aggression. Which gender is more likely to use each of these?
Physical: physical injury (boys)
Verbal: threats of physical aggression, name calling, teasing (both?)
Relational: damage to peer relationships (girls)
Describe how the relationship between coercive, conflict ridden family patterns and aggression.
Parents are coercive. Parents threatens. Childe whines/screams/refuses. Coercion escalates. Parent gives in. Unruly behavior is reinforced.
Child is more likely to: see world as hostile, believe aggression works and have overly high self esteem
Inductive discipline
D. points out the impact of children’s action on others and provides them with reasons for changing their behavior.
Not: may stop unacceptable behavior temporarily, but does not lead to internalization of moral norms; often produces such high levels of fear and stress that children cannot think clearly enough to figure out what they should do; or sometimes produces overwhelming feelings of guilt in children
Your friend Melissa, who has a 3-year-old son, asks you what is the most effective form of discipline. Which of the following would you choose?
D. encouragement of good conduct
Not: time out, punishment or withdrawal of privileges
Lenny says, “Elton is a loser, so don’t talk to him.” This is an example of __________ aggression.
C. Relational
Not: instrumental, overt, or antagonistic
Child-rearing practices such as love withdrawal, power assertion, negative comments and emotions, physical punishment, and inconsistent discipline are linked to antisocial behavior
D. from early childhood through adolescence, in children of both sexes, and in many cultures.
Not: during the early elementary years, and primaritly for boys in western culture; throught the lifetime, in boys and girls in western cultures; or throughout adolescence, for children of both sexes, but only for lower-income whilte children
Which of the following is supported by research on aggression?
D. Aggressive children often see hostile intent where it does not exist
Not: in adolescence, and equal number of males and females commit major crimes; SES and ethnicity are not associated with police arrests; or forceful parental discipline does not foster aggression in children
