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Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

oropharynx

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx

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2
Q

alimentary tract

A

esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, anus

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3
Q

pancreaticobiliary tract

A

liver, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, accessory organs

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4
Q

function of the GI tract

A
  • digestion
  • motility
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • storage/elimination
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5
Q

components of the GI tract

A
  • primary organs are where we find food
  • accessory organs is where we find bile
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6
Q

mucosa

A

inner layer of GI tract, epithelial cells

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7
Q

submucosa

A

basement membrane, right above mucosa, where blood vessels are found

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8
Q

muscularis propria

A

muscular layer, above basement memebrane

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9
Q

serosa

A

connective tissue on the outside of the GI tract

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10
Q

bacteria in the GI tract is found..

A

in the gut/large intestine

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11
Q

bacteria in the GI tract helps with..

A
  • digestion of certain carbohydrates
  • produce nutrients such as folate and vitamin K
  • influence development and responsiveness of GI immune system
  • metabolize certain drugs to active metabolites
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12
Q

most frequent and serious problems of the GI tract

A
  • constipation: infrequent and/or difficult to pass stool
  • diarrhea: abnormally frequent and liquid stools
  • viral enteritis: intestinal flu or stomach flu
  • diverticulosis
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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13
Q

signs and symptoms of GI disorder

A
  • anorexia (don’t feel like eating)
  • altered motility (vomiting, diarrhea, constipation)
  • nausea
  • retching
  • bleeding
  • lack of movement
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14
Q

bleeding in the upper GI tract

A
  • hematemesis: vomiting blood
  • melena: black tarry stool
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15
Q

bleeding in lower GI tract

A

hematochezie

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16
Q

gastric analysis

A

measurement of stomach acid

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17
Q

tests on gastrointestinal contents, blood and urine evaluate..

A

absorption from GI tract

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18
Q

endoscopy

A

tube down stomach

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19
Q

siigmoidscopy

A

sticking probe up to look at sigmoid colon

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20
Q

colonoscopy

A

tube up to look at large intestine

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21
Q

radiologic techniques for GI tract

A
  • upper GI series
  • barium enema (rectum and colon)
  • CT scan
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22
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of outlet of distal stomach resulting from hypertrophy of pyloric muscle (opening between stomach and small intestine)

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23
Q

what is the cause of congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

unknown

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24
Q

what happens with congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

projectile vomiting after feeding begins 2-4 weeks after birth

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25
Q

treatment for pyloric stenosis?

A

surgically open up sphincter (almost exclusively in boys)

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26
Q

hirschsprung disease

A

lack of ganglion cells (neurons in PNS) in rectum results in defective bowel movement and megacolon

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27
Q

what population does hirschsprung disease affect?

A

infants with chronic constipation and distended abdomen

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28
Q

treatment of hirschsprung disease

A

requires surgical removal of aganglioniic segment and reattachment of normal bowel

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29
Q

hernia

A

bulging of organ or tissue through an abdominal opening

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30
Q

what happens if the hernia gets trapped?

A

may get ischemic and infarct

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31
Q

types of hernias

A
  • inguinal
  • hiatal
  • epigastric (above stomach - infants)
  • umbilical (infants)
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32
Q

inguinal hernia

A

outpouching of abdominal content into groin

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33
Q

what is a danger of an inguinal hernia?

A

danger of bowel strangulation

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34
Q

treatment for inguinal hernia

A

surgical repair (most common in men)

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35
Q

esophagus dysfunction can present with..

A
  • dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  • pain
  • bleeding
  • regurgitation of food into trachea
  • choking and coughing
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36
Q

reflux esophagitis

A

reflux of gastric acid

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37
Q

types of reflux esophagitis

A
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
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38
Q

predisposing factors for reflux esophagitis

A
  • medicine
  • acidic food
  • alcohol
  • age
  • women who are pregnant
  • obesity
  • lying down after eating
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39
Q

persistent severe reflux can lead to..

A
  • barrets esophagus (acid irritates esophagus, need scope to diagnose)
  • esophageal cancer
40
Q

how is GERD different from heartburn?

A

GERD is reflux more than 2 times a week

41
Q

treatment for reflux esophagitis

A
  • avoid foods that increase acidic reflux
  • medications that reduce acid production (proton pump inhibitors - OTC, pump hydrogen in to decrease acidity)
  • avoiding lying down after eating
42
Q

gastritis

A

acute injury to gastric mucosa caused by agents that compromise the protective mucous barrier lying over the epithelial cells (may be associated with bleeding)

43
Q

symptoms of acute gastritis

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • epigastric pain
44
Q

acute gastritis main causes

A
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS)
  • alcohol
45
Q

chronic gastritis causes

A
  • autoimmune (parietal cells)
  • heliobacter pylori
46
Q

heliobacter pylori

A

most prevalent infective agent worldwide

47
Q

heliobacter pylori is more frequent with..

A

age (adapts to low pH of stomach)

48
Q

tests for h pylori

A
  • antibodies detected in blood
  • breath test - breathe into machine
  • stomach biopsy
49
Q

h pylori is a risk factor for..

A
  • ulcer
  • stomach cancer
  • leads to gastritis
50
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining oof the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

51
Q

what is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease

A

heliobacter pylori

52
Q

symptoms of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • gnawing or burning upper abdominal pain
  • weight loss with decreased caloric intake
53
Q

complications of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • internal bleeding (anemia - iron deficiency)
  • penetration into the pancreas
  • perforation leading to infection (peritonitis)
54
Q

treatment of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • antibiotics
  • decreasing acid secretion
  • eliminating cofactors that led to development of ulcers
55
Q

malabsorption

A
  • failure to digest and/or absorb food
  • caused by disease processes that impair enzyme activity and absorption of nutrients across the gastrointestinal epithelium
56
Q

potential causes of malabsorption

A
  • lactase deficiency
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • pancreatic insufficiency (enzymes)
  • bile salt deficiency
  • celiac disease
57
Q

lactose intolerance

A

deficiency of lactase

58
Q

symptoms of lactose intolerance

A
  • bloating
  • diarrhea
  • gas
  • stomach ache
59
Q

treatment of lactose intolerance

A

pill to breakdown lactose

60
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune, allergy to gluten, damages small intestine (villus)

61
Q

symptoms of celiac disease

A
  • abdominal pain, bloating, gas
  • fat in stool
  • weight loss
  • malnutrition
  • constipation
62
Q

treatment for celiac disease

A

avoid gluten

63
Q

entercolitis

A

inflammation of the colon/intestines

64
Q

causes of entercolitis

A
  • virus (more common)
  • rotavirus = children
  • noravirus = adults
  • bacteria (less common, more severe)
  • E. coli
  • salmonella
  • capylobacter
65
Q

entercolitis leads to..

A

diarrhea (3x/day)

66
Q

entercolitis is the ______ leading cause of death in children under 5 in developing countries

A

2nd (dehydration)

67
Q

appendix

A

beginning of large intestine

68
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix (medical emergency)

69
Q

appendicitis is more common in..

A

teenagers and young adults

70
Q

possible causes for appendicitis

A

infection or obstruction

71
Q

typical presentation of appendicitis

A
  • right lower quadrant pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fever
72
Q

most serious complication of appendicitis is..

A

peritonitis (inflammation of lining of peritoneal cavity)

73
Q

what are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

crohns and ulcerative colitis

74
Q

characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease

A
  • episodic bloody diarrhea
  • crampy abdominal pain
  • inappropriate immune response
  • family history
  • peak age 15-30
  • involvement of extraintestinal tissues
75
Q

treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

A
  • anti-inflammatories
  • decrease activity of immune system
  • resection
76
Q

crohns disease

A
  • patchy (anywhere in GI tract)
  • transmural (inflammation is across entire wall of GI tract)
77
Q

risk factors for crohns disease

A
  • white
  • female
  • smokers
78
Q

ulcerative colitis

A
  • large intestine only
  • mucosa only
79
Q

diverticulosis

A

small pouches that push out in weak spots in colon wall (found almost exclusively in sigmoid colon)

80
Q

if diverticula become inflamed..

A

form diverticulosis (pushing out from lumen)

81
Q

complications of diverticulitis

A
  • pain
  • bleeding
  • abscess
  • perforation
82
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity)

83
Q

types of peritonitis

A
  • infectious
  • usually due to bacteria from bowel due to perforation
  • sterile (no bacteria present, just inflamed)
84
Q

once peritonitis is healed..

A

may produce adhesions (difficulty of movement between large/small intestine)

85
Q

esophageal carcinoma

A

arise from epithelial

86
Q

risk factors for esophageal cancer

A
  • tobacco use
  • alcohol use
87
Q

why does esophageal cancer have poor prognosis?

A
  • tends to invade and metastasize early
  • no screening tests
  • presents as dysplasia (difficulty swallowing)
88
Q

gastric carcinoma

A

worldwide as deadly as lung cancer

89
Q

risk factors for gastric carcinoma

A
  • h pylori and chronic gastritis
  • diet high in smoked, pickled, or salt preserved food (high in Japan)
90
Q

gastric carcinoma is usually..

A

asymptomatic until advanced, don’t catch until stages 3/4

91
Q

colon cancer

A

begins with polyps on the lining of the colon

92
Q

treatment of colon cancer

A

radiation, chemo or surgery

93
Q

risk factors for colon cancer

A
  • age
  • family history
  • history of polyps
  • high intake red meat
  • IBD
94
Q

manifestations of colon cancer

A
  • blood in stool
  • altered bowel habits
  • iron deficiency anemia
95
Q

diagnosis of colon cancer

A

biopsy

96
Q

screening for colon cancer

A
  • occult blood test (not very sensitive but used over long periods of time has proven to be beneficial)
  • colonoscopy
  • cologuard test
97
Q

organ failure

A

failure of absorption processes can be tolerated for a number of days

Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 (5 decks)

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