Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

oropharynx

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx

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2
Q

alimentary tract

A

esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, anus

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3
Q

pancreaticobiliary tract

A

liver, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, accessory organs

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4
Q

function of the GI tract

A
  • digestion
  • motility
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • storage/elimination
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5
Q

components of the GI tract

A
  • primary organs are where we find food
  • accessory organs is where we find bile
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6
Q

mucosa

A

inner layer of GI tract, epithelial cells

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7
Q

submucosa

A

basement membrane, right above mucosa, where blood vessels are found

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8
Q

muscularis propria

A

muscular layer, above basement memebrane

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9
Q

serosa

A

connective tissue on the outside of the GI tract

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10
Q

bacteria in the GI tract is found..

A

in the gut/large intestine

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11
Q

bacteria in the GI tract helps with..

A
  • digestion of certain carbohydrates
  • produce nutrients such as folate and vitamin K
  • influence development and responsiveness of GI immune system
  • metabolize certain drugs to active metabolites
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12
Q

most frequent and serious problems of the GI tract

A
  • constipation: infrequent and/or difficult to pass stool
  • diarrhea: abnormally frequent and liquid stools
  • viral enteritis: intestinal flu or stomach flu
  • diverticulosis
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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13
Q

signs and symptoms of GI disorder

A
  • anorexia (don’t feel like eating)
  • altered motility (vomiting, diarrhea, constipation)
  • nausea
  • retching
  • bleeding
  • lack of movement
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14
Q

bleeding in the upper GI tract

A
  • hematemesis: vomiting blood
  • melena: black tarry stool
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15
Q

bleeding in lower GI tract

A

hematochezie

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16
Q

gastric analysis

A

measurement of stomach acid

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17
Q

tests on gastrointestinal contents, blood and urine evaluate..

A

absorption from GI tract

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18
Q

endoscopy

A

tube down stomach

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19
Q

siigmoidscopy

A

sticking probe up to look at sigmoid colon

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20
Q

colonoscopy

A

tube up to look at large intestine

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21
Q

radiologic techniques for GI tract

A
  • upper GI series
  • barium enema (rectum and colon)
  • CT scan
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22
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of outlet of distal stomach resulting from hypertrophy of pyloric muscle (opening between stomach and small intestine)

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23
Q

what is the cause of congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

unknown

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24
Q

what happens with congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

projectile vomiting after feeding begins 2-4 weeks after birth

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25
treatment for pyloric stenosis?
surgically open up sphincter (almost exclusively in boys)
26
hirschsprung disease
lack of ganglion cells (neurons in PNS) in rectum results in defective bowel movement and megacolon
27
what population does hirschsprung disease affect?
infants with chronic constipation and distended abdomen
28
treatment of hirschsprung disease
requires surgical removal of aganglioniic segment and reattachment of normal bowel
29
hernia
bulging of organ or tissue through an abdominal opening
30
what happens if the hernia gets trapped?
may get ischemic and infarct
31
types of hernias
- inguinal - hiatal - epigastric (above stomach - infants) - umbilical (infants)
32
inguinal hernia
outpouching of abdominal content into groin
33
what is a danger of an inguinal hernia?
danger of bowel strangulation
34
treatment for inguinal hernia
surgical repair (most common in men)
35
esophagus dysfunction can present with..
- dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) - pain - bleeding - regurgitation of food into trachea - choking and coughing
36
reflux esophagitis
reflux of gastric acid
37
types of reflux esophagitis
- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
38
predisposing factors for reflux esophagitis
- medicine - acidic food - alcohol - age - women who are pregnant - obesity - lying down after eating
39
persistent severe reflux can lead to..
- barrets esophagus (acid irritates esophagus, need scope to diagnose) - esophageal cancer
40
how is GERD different from heartburn?
GERD is reflux more than 2 times a week
41
treatment for reflux esophagitis
- avoid foods that increase acidic reflux - medications that reduce acid production (proton pump inhibitors - OTC, pump hydrogen in to decrease acidity) - avoiding lying down after eating
42
gastritis
acute injury to gastric mucosa caused by agents that compromise the protective mucous barrier lying over the epithelial cells (may be associated with bleeding)
43
symptoms of acute gastritis
- nausea - vomiting - epigastric pain
44
acute gastritis main causes
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) - alcohol
45
chronic gastritis causes
- autoimmune (parietal cells) - heliobacter pylori
46
heliobacter pylori
most prevalent infective agent worldwide
47
heliobacter pylori is more frequent with..
age (adapts to low pH of stomach)
48
tests for h pylori
- antibodies detected in blood - breath test - breathe into machine - stomach biopsy
49
h pylori is a risk factor for..
- ulcer - stomach cancer - leads to gastritis
50
peptic ulcer disease
a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining oof the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
51
what is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease
heliobacter pylori
52
symptoms of peptic ulcer disease
- nausea - vomiting - gnawing or burning upper abdominal pain - weight loss with decreased caloric intake
53
complications of peptic ulcer disease
- internal bleeding (anemia - iron deficiency) - penetration into the pancreas - perforation leading to infection (peritonitis)
54
treatment of peptic ulcer disease
- antibiotics - decreasing acid secretion - eliminating cofactors that led to development of ulcers
55
malabsorption
- failure to digest and/or absorb food - caused by disease processes that impair enzyme activity and absorption of nutrients across the gastrointestinal epithelium
56
potential causes of malabsorption
- lactase deficiency - inflammatory bowel disease - pancreatic insufficiency (enzymes) - bile salt deficiency - celiac disease
57
lactose intolerance
deficiency of lactase
58
symptoms of lactose intolerance
- bloating - diarrhea - gas - stomach ache
59
treatment of lactose intolerance
pill to breakdown lactose
60
celiac disease
autoimmune, allergy to gluten, damages small intestine (villus)
61
symptoms of celiac disease
- abdominal pain, bloating, gas - fat in stool - weight loss - malnutrition - constipation
62
treatment for celiac disease
avoid gluten
63
entercolitis
inflammation of the colon/intestines
64
causes of entercolitis
- virus (more common) * rotavirus = children * noravirus = adults - bacteria (less common, more severe) * E. coli * salmonella * capylobacter
65
entercolitis leads to..
diarrhea (3x/day)
66
entercolitis is the ______ leading cause of death in children under 5 in developing countries
2nd (dehydration)
67
appendix
beginning of large intestine
68
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix (medical emergency)
69
appendicitis is more common in..
teenagers and young adults
70
possible causes for appendicitis
infection or obstruction
71
typical presentation of appendicitis
- right lower quadrant pain - nausea - vomiting - fever
72
most serious complication of appendicitis is..
peritonitis (inflammation of lining of peritoneal cavity)
73
what are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?
crohns and ulcerative colitis
74
characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease
- episodic bloody diarrhea - crampy abdominal pain - inappropriate immune response - family history - peak age 15-30 - involvement of extraintestinal tissues
75
treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
- anti-inflammatories - decrease activity of immune system - resection
76
crohns disease
- patchy (anywhere in GI tract) - transmural (inflammation is across entire wall of GI tract)
77
risk factors for crohns disease
- white - female - smokers
78
ulcerative colitis
- large intestine only - mucosa only
79
diverticulosis
small pouches that push out in weak spots in colon wall (found almost exclusively in sigmoid colon)
80
if diverticula become inflamed..
form diverticulosis (pushing out from lumen)
81
complications of diverticulitis
- pain - bleeding - abscess - perforation
82
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity)
83
types of peritonitis
- infectious - usually due to bacteria from bowel due to perforation - sterile (no bacteria present, just inflamed)
84
once peritonitis is healed..
may produce adhesions (difficulty of movement between large/small intestine)
85
esophageal carcinoma
arise from epithelial
86
risk factors for esophageal cancer
- tobacco use - alcohol use
87
why does esophageal cancer have poor prognosis?
- tends to invade and metastasize early - no screening tests - presents as dysplasia (difficulty swallowing)
88
gastric carcinoma
worldwide as deadly as lung cancer
89
risk factors for gastric carcinoma
- h pylori and chronic gastritis - diet high in smoked, pickled, or salt preserved food (high in Japan)
90
gastric carcinoma is usually..
asymptomatic until advanced, don't catch until stages 3/4
91
colon cancer
begins with polyps on the lining of the colon
92
treatment of colon cancer
radiation, chemo or surgery
93
risk factors for colon cancer
- age - family history - history of polyps - high intake red meat - IBD
94
manifestations of colon cancer
- blood in stool - altered bowel habits - iron deficiency anemia
95
diagnosis of colon cancer
biopsy
96
screening for colon cancer
- occult blood test (not very sensitive but used over long periods of time has proven to be beneficial) - colonoscopy - cologuard test
97
organ failure
failure of absorption processes can be tolerated for a number of days
Understanding Human Disease Exam 3
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