Chapter 12 Flashcards
deglutition
act of swallowing
cleft lip/cleft palate
- common (affects 1 in 750)
- lip and palate do not form correctly
- genetic (chromosomal abnormalities)
- environmental (viral/smoking)
problems with cleft lip/palate
- cosmetic
- dental
- speech
- swallowing
- hearing
- facial repair
diagnosis of cleft lip/palate
ultrasound around 12 weeks
treatment of cleft lip/palate
surgical repair
plaque
bacterial accumulation
tartar
calcified plaque
gingivitis
inflammation of gums
peridontitis
inflammation of the peridontium
cold sores are due to..
herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1
cold sores
blister like lesions on face or inside mouth
cold sores are..
- very contagious
- lie dormant in nervous tissue
- reactive during stress
canker sores (aphthous stomatitis)
- painful open sore on the inside of the mouth
- gradually heal in 7=10 days
- unknown cause
- not contagious
upper respiratory infection cause
viruses (antibiotics won’t work)
are upper respiratory infections contagious?
yes, spread by coughing and sneezing
upper respiratory infection clinical presentations
- sore throat (pharyngitis)
- nasal discharge (rhinitis)
- headache
- fever
- fatigue
- other symptoms possible
upper respiratory infection complications in children and older adults
- predisposes children to otitis media
- enlarged tonsils may partially obstruct breathing
- can lead to pneumonia in older adults
sinusitis
- inflammation of the respiratory mucosa lining sinus cavities
- can become blocked and filled with fluid and mucous
- reservoir for bacteria/fungus
symptoms of sinusitis
- nasal congestion
- headaches
- facial pain
- thick and discolored mucoid nasal discharge
- postnasal drainage
chronic sinusitis treatment
- antibiotics/antifungals may not always work
- steroid therapy may reduce inflammation
- surgery can sometimes be helpful
allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
allergic response to environmental antigens
triggers for allergic rhinitis
- pollens
- grass
- dusts
- animals
symptoms for allergic rhinitis
- runny nose
- scratchy throat
- itchy eyes
otitis media
inflammation of middle ear
treatment for allergic rhinitis
- antihistamines
- decongestants
- eye drops
- desensitization therapy
otitis media is most common in..
infants and young children with URIs
causes of hearing loss
- genetic
- infectious
- degenerative
- traumatic
- often iatrogenic (side effect of medical treatment)
hearing loss is classified as either..
- sensorineural
- conductive
sensorineural hearing loss
- problem in nervous component
- damaged cochlea and/or auditory nerve
conductive hearing loss
damaged ear canal
presbycusis
- hearing loss occurring with increasing age
- starts with high frequencies
- usually symmetrical
- associated with tinnitis (hearing loss)
- generally attributed to nonspecific degeneration of hearing apparatus
hearing loss treatment
hearing aids - work by amplifying sound waves
why are hearing aids sometimes avoided?
- uncomfortable and unsightly
- rapidly fill with cerumen (ear wax)
- require costly batteries
cochlear implants
- conduct sound through the skull bone
- safe and rarely complicated by infection
- only used when hearing loss is very severe
- people born deaf
squamous cell carcinoma
carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
squamous cell carcinomas are associated with significant morbidity and mortality because..
- excision leaves loss of function
- deeper in throat can cause hoarseness, pain or difficulty swallowing
- on the palate, it causes obstruction of the nasopharyngeal passages
leukoplakia
white spots/patches, detects squamous cell carcinomas
loss of ability to masticate includes:
- loss of teeth
- extensive cancer operations
- severe congenital abnormalities
organ failure of the mouth leads to..
difficulty maintaining caloric intake
impaired deglutition (swallowing) may result from:
- neuromuscular diseases (ALS)
- cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
- extensive surgery for cancer
- age
obstructive sleep apnea
- patient repeatedly stops breathing during sleep (builds up CO2 in blood)
- caused by collapse of pharyngeal passages when the patient is relaxed and supine
treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
positive pressure ventilator
