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Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

deglutition

A

act of swallowing

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2
Q

cleft lip/cleft palate

A
  • common (affects 1 in 750)
  • lip and palate do not form correctly
  • genetic (chromosomal abnormalities)
  • environmental (viral/smoking)
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3
Q

problems with cleft lip/palate

A
  • cosmetic
  • dental
  • speech
  • swallowing
  • hearing
  • facial repair
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4
Q

diagnosis of cleft lip/palate

A

ultrasound around 12 weeks

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5
Q

treatment of cleft lip/palate

A

surgical repair

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6
Q

plaque

A

bacterial accumulation

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7
Q

tartar

A

calcified plaque

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8
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of gums

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9
Q

peridontitis

A

inflammation of the peridontium

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10
Q

cold sores are due to..

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1

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11
Q

cold sores

A

blister like lesions on face or inside mouth

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12
Q

cold sores are..

A
  • very contagious
  • lie dormant in nervous tissue
  • reactive during stress
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13
Q

canker sores (aphthous stomatitis)

A
  • painful open sore on the inside of the mouth
  • gradually heal in 7=10 days
  • unknown cause
  • not contagious
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14
Q

upper respiratory infection cause

A

viruses (antibiotics won’t work)

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15
Q

are upper respiratory infections contagious?

A

yes, spread by coughing and sneezing

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16
Q

upper respiratory infection clinical presentations

A
  • sore throat (pharyngitis)
  • nasal discharge (rhinitis)
  • headache
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • other symptoms possible
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17
Q

upper respiratory infection complications in children and older adults

A
  • predisposes children to otitis media
  • enlarged tonsils may partially obstruct breathing
  • can lead to pneumonia in older adults
18
Q

sinusitis

A
  • inflammation of the respiratory mucosa lining sinus cavities
  • can become blocked and filled with fluid and mucous
  • reservoir for bacteria/fungus
19
Q

symptoms of sinusitis

A
  • nasal congestion
  • headaches
  • facial pain
  • thick and discolored mucoid nasal discharge
  • postnasal drainage
20
Q

chronic sinusitis treatment

A
  • antibiotics/antifungals may not always work
  • steroid therapy may reduce inflammation
  • surgery can sometimes be helpful
21
Q

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A

allergic response to environmental antigens

22
Q

triggers for allergic rhinitis

A
  • pollens
  • grass
  • dusts
  • animals
23
Q

symptoms for allergic rhinitis

A
  • runny nose
  • scratchy throat
  • itchy eyes
24
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of middle ear

24
Q

treatment for allergic rhinitis

A
  • antihistamines
  • decongestants
  • eye drops
  • desensitization therapy
25
Q

otitis media is most common in..

A

infants and young children with URIs

26
Q

causes of hearing loss

A
  • genetic
  • infectious
  • degenerative
  • traumatic
  • often iatrogenic (side effect of medical treatment)
27
Q

hearing loss is classified as either..

A
  • sensorineural
  • conductive
28
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • problem in nervous component
  • damaged cochlea and/or auditory nerve
29
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

damaged ear canal

30
Q

presbycusis

A
  • hearing loss occurring with increasing age
  • starts with high frequencies
  • usually symmetrical
  • associated with tinnitis (hearing loss)
  • generally attributed to nonspecific degeneration of hearing apparatus
31
Q

hearing loss treatment

A

hearing aids - work by amplifying sound waves

32
Q

why are hearing aids sometimes avoided?

A
  • uncomfortable and unsightly
  • rapidly fill with cerumen (ear wax)
  • require costly batteries
33
Q

cochlear implants

A
  • conduct sound through the skull bone
  • safe and rarely complicated by infection
  • only used when hearing loss is very severe
  • people born deaf
34
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

35
Q

squamous cell carcinomas are associated with significant morbidity and mortality because..

A
  • excision leaves loss of function
  • deeper in throat can cause hoarseness, pain or difficulty swallowing
  • on the palate, it causes obstruction of the nasopharyngeal passages
36
Q

leukoplakia

A

white spots/patches, detects squamous cell carcinomas

37
Q

loss of ability to masticate includes:

A
  • loss of teeth
  • extensive cancer operations
  • severe congenital abnormalities
38
Q

organ failure of the mouth leads to..

A

difficulty maintaining caloric intake

39
Q

impaired deglutition (swallowing) may result from:

A
  • neuromuscular diseases (ALS)
  • cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
  • extensive surgery for cancer
  • age
40
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A
  • patient repeatedly stops breathing during sleep (builds up CO2 in blood)
  • caused by collapse of pharyngeal passages when the patient is relaxed and supine
41
Q

treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

A

positive pressure ventilator

Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 (5 decks)

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