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Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what tubes involve the conduction of air into and out of the lungs in the respiratory system?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi: largest conducting tube
  • bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli (O2/CO2 exchange, cells producing surfactant)
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2
Q

mucociliary escalator

A
  • specialized epithelial lining of bronchial tree
  • mucus traps inhaled particles
  • cilia conveys mucus upward toward mouth, where it is swallowed
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2
Q

requirements for efficient gas exchange

A
  • large capillary surface area in contact with alveolar membrane
  • unimpeded diffusion across alveolar membrane
  • normal pulmonary blood flow
  • normal pulmonary alveoli
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3
Q

normal plasma pH tightly controlled between..

A

7.35-7.45

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4
Q

acid-base balance is maintained in the..

A

lungs and kidneys

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5
Q

lots of CO2 leads to..

A

increased H+

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6
Q

less CO2 leads to..

A

decreased H+

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7
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

caused by hypoventilation (holding breath), too much H+

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8
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs with hyperventilation, too little H+

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9
Q

pleura

A

CT on lungs

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10
Q

visceral pleura

A

CT right on lungs

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11
Q

parietal pleura

A

CT lines thoracic cavity

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12
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between lungs and chest wall

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13
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within pleural cavity (needs to be lower than intrapulmonary)
- no air
- holds lungs open

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14
Q

dyspnea (sign/symptom of respiratory disorder)

A

short of breath at rest

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15
Q

apnea (sign/symptom of respiratory disorder)

A

not breathing

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16
Q

tachypnea (sign/symptom of respiratory disorder)

A

fast breathing

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17
Q

cough (sign/symptom of respiratory disorder)

A
  • sputnum (productive, mucus)
  • hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
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18
Q

cyanosis (sign/symptom of respiratory disorder)

A

tissues turn blue

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19
Q

tests of respiratory function

A
  • percussion
  • auscultation
  • spirometry (measures breathing)
  • radiography (x-ray/CT scan)
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20
Q

lung volumes and capacities (spirometry)

A
  • FVC: forced vital capacity (deep breath, blow out as fast as possible)
  • FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
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21
Q

tests of respiratory structure

A

bronchoscopy (tube down throat to look at bronchioles)

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22
Q

atelectasis

A

without inflation, collapse of the lung

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23
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal, don’t go back to normal, dilation of a bronchus

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24
Q

consolidation

A

filling of air spaces by anything other than air (water or mucus)

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25
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • presence of air in pleural cavity
  • leads to collapsed lung
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26
Q

restrictive lung disorder

A
  • difficulty taking breath in
  • FEV1/FVC ratios messed up
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27
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

progressive respiratory distress soon after birth

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28
Q

pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome

A

inadequate surfactant in lungs
- alveoli don’t expand normally during inspiration
- collapse during expiration

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29
Q

at risk groups for respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • premature infants
  • infants delivered by cesarean section
  • infants born to diabetic mothers
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30
Q

treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

A

after delivery, give oxygen and surfactant to baby

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31
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

mutation in chloride channel, various passageways become plugged with thick mucus

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32
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal dilation of bronchioles (more room for thick mucus)

33
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

34
Q

atelectasis

A

mucus plug

35
Q

what is the life expectancy for someone with cystic fibrosis?

A

~35 year life expectancy

36
Q

cystic fibrosis: bronchiectasis

A

pathologic dilation of airways due to weakening of walls, typically associated with repeated chronic infections

37
Q

how are the lungs affected during bronchiectasis?

A
  • decrease ability to move mucus
  • distended bronchioles retain more mucus secretions
  • creates an environment for bacteriial growth
38
Q

treatment of bronchiectasis

A
  • medical maneuvers to improve mucus clearance
  • immunizations
  • bronchodilators
  • antibiotics
39
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs (alveoli), leading cause of death in elderly and children

40
Q

what are possible causes of pneumonia?

A
  • virus
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • mycoplasma
41
Q

mycoplasma

A

bacteria that lives inside cell, harder for immune system to see and fight off

42
Q

detection of pneumonia

A

auscultation and chest x-ray

43
Q

predisposing factors of pneumonia

A

any condition associated with poor lung ventilation and retention of bronchial secretions

44
Q

post-op pneumonia

A

accumulation of mucous secretions in bronchi

45
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

foreign body, food, vomit

46
Q

clinical features of pneumonia

A
  • fever
  • cough
  • purulent sputnum
  • pain on respiration
  • shortness of breath
47
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

occur with partial impediment of flow from air spaces back out into environment

48
Q

obstructive lung disease leads to..

A
  • retention of carbon dioxide
  • decreased oxygenation of RBC
49
Q

symptoms for obstructive lung diseases

A
  • wheezing
  • cough
  • dyspnea
  • tachypnea
50
Q

types of obstructive lung disease

A
  • asthma
  • chronic obstructive airway disorders (COPD)
51
Q

how high is COPD on the leading cause of death list?

A

3

52
Q

COPD

A

group of disorders characterized by reduced airflow and impaired gas exchange, inflammatory conditions of lungs

53
Q

is COPD progressive?

A

yes

54
Q

is COPD reversibile?

A

no

55
Q

signs and symptoms of COPD

A
  • large amount of mucus
  • coughing
  • shortness of breath
  • chest tightness
  • barrel chest
56
Q

diagnosis of COPD

A

spirometry (decreased FEV 1 and vital capacity)

57
Q

treatment of COPD

A
  • smoking cessation
  • steroids and bronchodilators
  • supplemental oxygen
  • antibiotics to treat infection
58
Q

COPD: chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of medium sized walls in bronchioles

59
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A
  • persistent cough for at least 3 months/year in two consecutive years
  • excessive mucous
  • frequent respiratory infections
60
Q

COPD: emphysema

A
  • destruction of elastic walls of alveoli
  • abnormal, permanent enlargement of the alveoli
61
Q

complications of COPD

A
  • respiratory failure (acidosis, arrhythmia due to hypoxia)
  • right sided heart failure
  • more infections such as pneumonia
  • acute respiratory failure
  • arrhythmia
  • lung cancer
62
Q

is asthma reversible?

A

yes

63
Q

clinical symptoms of attacks

A
  • dyspnea (short of breath)
  • chest tightness
  • wheezing
64
Q

why are most asthma attacks caused?

A
  • allergic reaction (exposure)
  • mast cells release inflammatory mediators
65
Q

what kind of allergens are asthma attacks precipitated by ?

A
  • dust
  • pollen
  • animal dander
66
Q

treatment of asthma

A
  • avoid the allergen
  • drugs that dilate bronchial walls (epinephrine/beta agonist inhalers)
  • reduce inflammation (cortiosteroid inhalers)
  • drugs that block release of mediators from mast cells
67
Q

acute respiratorry distress syndrome (ARDS)

A
  • medical emergency (damaging respiratory system, cannot get air)
  • diffuse alveolar damage (alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium)
68
Q

causes of acute respiratory distress sydrome

A
  • fire
  • almost drowning
  • lung surgery
69
Q

result of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • hypoxia (low oxygen in blood)
  • results in organ failure
70
Q

treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • treatment of underlying condition if possible
  • supportive care
  • oxygen therapy
71
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A
  • potentially fatal
  • results when thrombi are pumped into the pulmonary arteries
  • presentation is variable (can cause sudden death)
72
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A
  • increases pulmonary edema
  • leads to right side heart failure
  • average survival rates ~ 10 years following diagnosis
73
Q

small cell (SCLC) lung cancer

A
  • 15% of cancers
  • typically smokers
  • detected after metastasized
74
Q

non-small cell (NSCLC) lung cancer

A

more localized

75
Q

etiology of lung cancer

A
  • smoking (80-90%) of lung cancers
  • radon gas
  • asbestos
  • pollution
  • genetics
76
Q

why is lung cancer so deadly?

A

60% will die within the first year, little screening tests

77
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A
  • unexplained cough
  • weight loss
  • coughing up blood
  • loss of appetite
78
Q

why does organ failure occur in the lungs?

A

gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised to the point where:
- oxygen saturation is insufficient to support life
- carbon dioxide is elevated to the point it causes acidosis of the extracellular environment

79
Q

what disease result in lung failure?

A
  • atelectasis
  • ARDS
  • pulmonary edema
  • decreased respiratory activity resulting from trauma or opiate toxicity
  • drowning

Understanding Human Disease Exam 3 (5 decks)

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