Chapter 13-14: Solution Chemistry Flashcards
Define heterogenous mixture and give an example
Greater than 2 or more clearly different components( greater than two or more phases)
Chex mix
Define a solution
A mixture of things not a reaction
Describe the size of particles in a heterogenous mixture
Size and have vary and are not uniform
Define a homogenous mixture an give an example
2 or more different substances in a single phase (distributed evenly)
Ex: Kool aid mix and water
Describe the composition of the participles in a homogenous mixture
Uniform particles
Define a homogenous solution
A homogenous mix of 2 or more substances in a single phase
Describe the three types of particles in a homogenous solution and describe their size
Atoms ions molecules
.01-1 nm
How many parts does a solution have?
Two: solvent and solute
Define a solvent and give an example
Present in greater amounts,
Dissolves the solute
Water
Define a solute an give an example
Lesser amounts, is being dissolved
Kool aid
Describe types of soln and give dime examples
Any solid liquid or gas dissolve in any other solid liquid or gas
Gas in gas- air
Gas in liquid- pop
Solid in liquid- sugar in water
Solid in solid - cu in sn( bronze) “alloy”
Define a suspension mixture and give an example
When particles of a solid are too large to dissolve and settle( heterogeneous)
Muddy h2o
What us another phrase for a suspension?
Soln wannabe
Describe the particle size in a suspension
1000nm +
Define a colloid mixture and give an example
When particles in a soln are too large to dissolve but too small to settle
Jello
Describe te particle size in a colloid
1-1000nm
Describe the solvent and solute in a colloid
Not a solvent but a “dispersing medium”
Not a solute but “dispersing phase”
Give 5 examples of colloids
Mayo- oil in water with egg yolk Smoke - solid dispersed in gas Fog- liq dispersed in a gas Smog - liq and solid in a gas Gel- solid in a liq (jello)
What is the Tyndall effect use for?
Aided to determine the difference between a colloid and a true soln
Describe electrolytes and gVe an example (what bond)
Dissolve in a soln to yield ions and will support electric current; usually ironically bonded
NaCl
Describe non e lytes and give an example (bond?)
Dissolve in soln but will not support electric current; covalent bond
Sugar
Why are acids an exception to non e lytes and why does this occur
Acids are covalent bonded but when they are in water soln they ionize and support current
Occurs because twt are very polar molecules
Why won’t pure water conduct electricity
B/c only 2 molecules out of every billion ionize
Why does tap water conduct electricity
Due to the ions present
Describe the amount if charges and particles in an ionic soln
There is always an equal number of charges present but not necessarily equal particles
What 3 factors affect the rate of dissolution?
Increase the surface area
Agitation
Change temp of solvent
Describe the effect temp on a soln
Increase in t will make collisions between solute abs solvent to be more energetic and frequent
Rate increases
But some solutes dissolve better in cold solvent
Define a saturated solvent
One that can not dissolve any more solute for its temp and volume
What’s another name for a saturated soln and why?
A soln @ equilibrium
No more dissolving/re crystallizing
Define unsaturated soln
One that’s still able to dissolve more solute
Define a supersaturated soln
One that has been forced to dissolve more solute than it should for a given temp and volume
How is supersaturation achieved
By heating
Why isn’t supersaturated at equilibrium
Some is always dissolving/re crystallizing
What is another name for a solvent-solute interaction
Like dissolve like
What is the ss interaction used for
To predict whether one substance will dissolve in another
What is ss interaction based on and give a couple examples
Similarity of bonds, polarity, and intermolecular forces
Temper tats
Alcohol/ ink
Grass and blood stains
What happens when polar water is added to an ionic soln
Causes it to undergo dissociation
What is dissociation
The seperate on of ions in a soln
What is the result if dissociation? How the equation
A sphere of solvation
NaCl + H2O > Na+(ag) + Cl-(aq)
Draw the sphere of solvation
Drawing
When will the solvation spheres stop forming
Until all ions are hydrated
What happens to the ions if the solvent is not water
Ions become saturated but hydrated
Describe non polar solvents and give a few examples
They dissolve fats, oils abs grease
Nail polish
Benzene
Gas
Define miscible abs give examples
2 or more mutually soluble liquids
Water&vinegar
Milk and coffee
Define im miscible and give a few examples
2 or more mutually insolvable liquids
Oil water
Oil vinegar
In what soln will there be effects of p
Gas dissolved in a liquid
Define Henry’s law abs give an example
The solubility of a gas in a liquid increases w/ increasing p abs decrease w/ decreasing p
CO2 dissolved in flavored water to make pop under 5-10 ATM p
Define effervescence
The escape if gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved
Hiss as a can is opened
Give an example of the effects of T on solubility
Gas in liquid- increase t causes decrease in solubility
Solid in liquid- hard to predict. For done an increase in t usually increases solubility but for some the opposite
Give two def for the gear if solns
1 the heat released or absorbed as a soln forms
2 the difference between the heat if a soln and the heat if it’s individual parts
What is the result when hear NRG is released from a soln?
Feel hot called Exothermic
Result when NRG is absorbed by a son
Feels cold called endothermic
What us the first event to occur when a solid dissolved in a liquid?
Solute particles begun to seperate from mass if solute
Describe what us happening to the NRG and temp in the first event
NRG is absorbed
What occurs in the 2nd even abs describe the NRG and T
Solvent particles move apart and allow solute particles to enter the liquid environment
NRG is absorbed
What occurs in the 3rd event abs describe the NRG and T
Solvent particles surround the solute particles (solvation or hydration)
NRG released
What is the result when the
Net change is exo
Define concentration and give a example
Refers to the amount if solute in a given quantity of solvent
1g NaCl in 1L H2O is dilute
100g in 1L is concentrated
What is the symbol for concentration
[ ]
What are the abbreviations for dilute and concentration
Dil
Con
Define molarity and what is it concerned with?
Mols of solute / L of soln
Concerned with soln volume as shown by Liters
How do you prep a molar soln?
Add 1/2 needed amount of solvent to grad
Dissolve needed amount of solute
Fill grad to prop level
What is the equation for molarity?
Mols solute/liters of soln
What is the formula for molality and what is it concerned with?
Mols of solute / kg solvent
Concerned with mass of soln
How do you prepare a molal soln?
Add total amount of solvent to grad
Add proper amount of solute and dissolve
Describe colligate properties of soln
Depend in the number of solute particles in a soln not on what the particles are
What are the colligate properties based on?
Molal solns
Describe vpd in terms of the soln vp and the pure solvent vp
Soln vp < pure solvent vp
Why are the solvent molecules not available to exert pressure?
They are hydrating the other molecules so are not a ale to exert p
What’s another name for osomotic pressure depression?
Diffusion of H2O
How is osomotic p d similar to VPD
Greater for pure h2o than soln made with h2o for the same reason as vpd
The water molecules are involved in hydration so not available to diffuse
Decribe the frpt dep in terms of temperature
A soln with freeze at a lower t than the pure solvent from which is was made
What is the equation to find freezing pint
Change in temp of freezing point = Molal*kf
Describe boiling point depression
A soln will boil at a high temperature than the pure solvent from which is was made
Write bp equation
Change T= molal*kb
What are kf and kb called
Kf=molal freezing point constant (1.86)
Kb=molal boiling point constant
What does changeTF equal
Fr pt dep equal to the diff btw frpt of pure water solvent an that of a solution made with that solvent
What is changeTB equal to
Boiling point elevation the diff in the boiling poit of the pure solvent and the solution made with that solvent
What is the equation for molar mass
Molar mass of solute = (kf)(mass solute)/(changeTF)(kg solvent)
How do elytes and non elytes effect colligate prop and why
They effect it differently because there are more particles in the elytes because they ionize
What do colligate properties depend on?
On the number of particles in soln
