chapter 12 written quiz Flashcards
the steady state of balance that the body tries to maintain is called:
a. homeostasis
b. stress
c. turnover
d. adaptation
homeostasis
a group of tissues functioning together is called a
a. organ system
b. tissue group
c. organ
d. multifunction tissue
organ
a group of organ systems functioning together is called: a. body b. structure c. organism d, animal
organism
organisms of the same species that reside in a distinct geographic area are called a :
a. community
b. territory
c. population
d. ecosystem
population
obesity is classified as which type of predisposing factor:
a. genetics
b. environment
c. social
d. lifestyle
lifestyle
the normal sequence of events that lead to a disease is called:
a. stages
b. pathogenesis
c. sequences
d. mutation
pathogenesis
a symptom is:
a. objective
b. something that you see
c. subjective
d. something that you can smell
subjective
a disease that has a sudden onset is called:
a. chronic
b. acute
c. insidious
d. abrupt
acute
Sequelae of a disease are:
a. side effects
b. unexpected
c. complications
d. life threatening events
complications
diabetes is a disease that is classified as :
a. metabolic
b. genetic
c. idiopathic
d. congenital
metabolic
a disease that occurs because of medical treatment is called:
a. neoplastic
b. idiopathic
c. ischemic
d. iatrogenic
iatrogenic
the cause of an idiopathic disease is:
a. genetic
b. unknown
c. environmental
d. congenital
unknown
the fundamental chemical unit is the:
a. electron
b. atom
c. neutron
d. cell
atom
any charged atomic particle is called a
a. cation
b. anion
c. ion
d. electrolyte
electrolyte
an ion with a negative charge is called a:
a. anion
b. cation
c. electrolyte
d. disassociate
anion
the chemical notation for sodium chloride is :
a. H2CO3
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. NaCI
NaCI
chemicals that do not contain carbon are:
a. organic
b. isotonic
c. inorganic
d. compound
inorganic
glycogenolysis is the break down of:
a. glucose into glycogen
b. glycogen into glucose
c. glycogen into disaccharide
d. glucose into disaccharide
glycogen into glucose
the nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for life is :
a. ATP
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. ADP
DNA
a high energy compound that is present in all cells is:
a. cytoplasm
b. adenosine triosephosphate
c. hysosome
d. deoxyribonucleic acid
adenosine triosephosphate
the constructive phase in metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm is called:
a. anabolism
b. catabolism
c. apoptosis
d. necrosis
anabolism
substances that give up protons during chemical reactions are called:
a. acids
b. bases
c. carbohydrates
d. proteins
acids
which of the following based on the pH is considered a base:
a. stomach secretions
b. blood
c. saliva
d. urine
blood
the most rapidly acting buffer system is the:
a. phosphate buffer system
b. carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
c. respiratory buffer system
d. protein buffer system
carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
hypoventilation results in:
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
patients with diabetes or other kidney diseases are at risk for developing:
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
vomiting is the most common cause of;
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis
hyperventilation syndrome will cause:
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
the basic structural unit of all plants and animals is the:
a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. tissue
cell
the thick fluid that fills the cell is called the:
a. nucleus
b. endoplasm
c. ectoplasm
d. cytoplasm
cytoplasm
the membrane of the cell allows certain substances to pass from one side to another but does not allow other substances to pass. this means that the the cell membrane is:
a. dissociated
b. anaerobic
c. semipermeable
d. filterizable
semipermeable
the organelle that contains the genetic material, DNA and enzymes is the:
a. nucleus
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondria
nucleus
the difference inn concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane is called.
a. osmotic gradient
b. diffusion
c. osmosis
d. the facilitated balance
osmotic gradient
when a solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane is hypotonic it:
a. has a greater concentration of solute molecules
b. is equal in concentration to solute molecules
c. has a lesser concentration of solute molecules
d. will not move through the membrane
has a lesser concentration of solute molecules
the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to pull water form the other side of the membrane is called:
a. hydrostatic pressure
b. osmotic pressure
c. oncotic force
d. net filtration
osmotic pressure
what percentage of an average adult’s body is water?
a. 80 percent
b. 75 percent
c. 70 percent
d. 60 percent
60 percent
approximately 70 percent of the body’s water is:
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. interstitial
d. intravascular
intracellular
the fluid outside of the cells inside the body is called:
a. intravascular fluid
b. extracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
dehydration may be caused by internal losses such as:
a. diaphoresis
b. burns, surgical drains, open wounds
c. bowel obstruction
d. hyperventilation
bowel obstruction
poor skin turgor is often seen in a patient presenting with:
a. hypertension
b. dehydration
c. diaphoresis
d. vasodilation
dehydration
the total amount of water lost from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is called:
a. osmotic pressure
b. oncotic force
c. net filtration
d. osmolarity
net filtration
edema is the accumulation of water in the :
a. interstitial space
b. extracellular space
c. intracellular space
d. intravascular space
interstitial space
plasma is made up of what percentage of water: a .98 percent b. 92 percent c. 86 percent d. 82 percent
92 percent
the component of blood that contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen is the :
a. erythrocyte
b. leukocyte
c. thrombocyte
d. plasma
erythrocyte
intravenous fluids that contain proteins are called:
a. colloids
b. crystalloids
c. plasma
d. albumins
colloids
lactated ringers solution is an example of a ____ solution.
a. isotonic
b. hypotonic
c. hypertonic
d. normotonic
isotonic
an electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water is :
a. D5W
b. normal saline
c. lactated ringers
d. Harman’s solution
normal saline
every human cell contains how many pairs of chromosomes?
a. 45
b. 37
c. 23
d. 12
45
an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increase in the workload is called:
a. hyperplasia
b. hypertrophy
c. atrophy
d. dysphagia
hyperplasia
aerobic exercise gradually causes_____ of the myocardium.
a. dilation
b. atrophy
c. hypertrophy
d. hyperplasia
hypertrophy
a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload is called:
a. hyperplasia
b. mitosis
c. atrophy
d. dysplasia
atrophy
” Necrosis” means:
a. an injured cell destroying itself
b. oxygen deficiency
c. cell death
d. a build up of waste products
cell death
the most common cause of cellular injury is oxygen deficiency or:
a. ischemia
b. hypoxia
c. infarction
d. inflammation
ischemia
the innermost germ cell layer is called the:
a. endoderm
b. mesoderm
c. exoderm
d. extoderm
endoderm
the tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body is called:
a. connective tissue
b. epithelial tissue
c. smooth tissue
d. muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
simple squamous epithelial tissue is found in the:
a. lungs
b. stomach
c. kidneys
d. heart
lungs
connective tissues:
a. are not directly attached to one another
b. are directly attached to one another
c. are derived from ectoderm
d. are derived from endoderm
are not directly attached to one another
the most abundant cell type found in connective tissue is:
a. mast cells
b. fibroblasts
c. adipocytes
d. macrophages
fibroblasts
cells that engulf damaged cells are called:
a. mast cells
b. fibroblasts
c. adipocytes
d. macrophages
macrophages
ligaments attach bones to:
a. muscle
b. bone
c. cartilage
d. tendon
bone
the type of muscle tissue encircling blood vessels is:
a. skeletal muscle
b. smooth muscle
c. connective tissue
d. cardiac tissue
smooth muscle
metastasis occurs when malignant cells:
a. reproduce in the original location
b. die off
c. shed to other areas of the body
d. develop their own blood supply
shed to other areas of the body
the event the begins the transformation from normal tissue to cancer is:
a. transformation
b. promotion
c. initiation
d. development
initiation
diseases caused by a mix of environmental and genetic factors are called:
a. multisystem failure
b. multifactorial disorders
c. multiple defects
d. geno- environmental
multifactorial disorders
all of the following are immunological disorders except:
a. diabetes
b. rheumatic fever
c. allergies
d. asthma
diabetes
the disease caused by a genetic clotting factor is:
a. hemochromatosis
b. anemia
c. hemophilia
d. encephalitis
hemophilia
a neuromuscular disorder known to be caused by a genetic defect is:
a. cholecystitis
b. Huntington’s disease
c. Chron’s disease
d. schizophrenia
Huntington’s disease
the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues is called:
a. circulation
b. hydration
c. perfusion
d. output
perfusion
Which of the following is not one of the three components of the circulatory system:
a. Siphon
b. fluid
c. container
d. pump
siphon
cardiac output is the :
a. amount of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction of the ventricles
b. force of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction of the ventricles
c. resistance that a contraction must overcome in order to eject the blood
d. amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
the pressure against which the heart must pump is called:
a. afterload
b. preload
c. peripheral vascular resistance
d. cardiac contractile force
peripheral vascular resistance
the dependence on a set of conditions for oxygen movement and utilization is known as:
a. the Fick principle
b. Cushing’s triad
c. the frank-Starling principle
d. the principle of Willis
the Fick principle
your patient has received a large traumatic injury. blood pressure is normal but the heart rate and respiratory rate are increased and the skin is cool and clammy. your patient is in:
a. homeostasis
b. compensated shock
c. decompensated shock
d. irreversible shock
compensated shock
your patient has received a large traumatic injury. blood pressure is normal but the heart rate and respiratory rate are increased and the skin is cool and clammy.
- your patient now experiences a drop in blood pressure, your patient is is:
a. homeostasis
b. compensated shock
c. decompensated shock
d. irreversible shock
decompensated shock
abnormal distribution and return of blood from vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both, is the definition of:
a. cardiogenic shock
b. ischemic shock
c. obstructive shock
d. distributive shock
distributive shock
treatment for cardiogenic shock should include:
a. placing the patient in Trendelenburg position
b. replacing fluid rapidly with a crystalloid solution
c. keeping the patient warm
d. applying nd inflating the PASG
keeping the patient warm
the type of shock resulting from arteries losing tone and dilatating is known as: a. hypovolemic shock b. cardiogenic shock c, hemorrhagic shock d. neurogenic shock
neurogenic shock
the progressive impairment of two or more organ systems from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury us called:
a. multiple organ system failure
b. multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
c. multiple system failure
d. multiple sepsis syndrome
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
the systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream is called:
a. infection
b. septicemia
c. pathogenia
d. toxemia
septicemia
which of the following begins within seconds of injury or invasion by a pathogen:
a. immune response
b. febrile response
c. inflammatory response
d. leukocyte response
inflammatory response
which of the following is not one of the three lines of defense for infection? a. anatomic barriers b. immune response c, inflammatory response d. febrile response
febrile response
protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after exposure to an antigen is called:
a. acquired immunity
b. natural immunity
c. primary immune response
d. synthetic immunity
acquired immunity
the special type of leucocyte that is responsible for recognizing foreign antibodies and developing memory is the:
a. lymphocyte
b. IgM lymphocyte
c. B lymphocyte
d. IgD lymphocyte
lymphocyte
molecules that do not trigger an immune response on their own but can become immunogenic when combined with larger molecules are called:
a. HLA antigens
b. MHC antigens
c. Haptens
d. immunogens
Haptens
someone is considered a universal donor if he has blood type:
a. O
b. A
c. B
d. AB
O
the development by B lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow of receptors for every possible type of antigen is called:
a. clonal selection
b. clonal diversity
c. clonal integration
d. clonal application
clonal diversity
antigen-antibody complex is the:
a. substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it
b. substance form when an antibody to a specific antigen is formed in the body
c. result of an antibody attaching to a normal red blood cell
d. DNA from an antigen being absorbed by and antibody
substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it
the first antibody produced during the primary immune response is the:
a. IgM
b. IgE
c. IgA
d. IgE
IgM
the cells that transfer delayed hypersensitivity and secrete proteins that activate other cells are called:
a. Td cells
b. Tc cells
c. Th cells
d. Ts cells
Td cells
proteins produced by the white blood cells, the “messengers” of the immune response are the:
a. monokines
b. prokines
c. cytokines
d. antokines
cytokines
the organ that is responsible for T cell development is the :
a. spleen
b. pancreas
c. thymus
d. hypothalamus
thymus
which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between the immune response and the inflammatory response:
a. immune response is specific; inflammation is nonspecific
b. the immune response is temporary. inflammation is long lasting
c. the immune response develops quickly; inflammation develops slowly
d. immune response involved many types of white cells while inflammation only involves one type of white cell
immune response is specific; inflammation is nonspecific
one of the four functions of inflammation is:
a. walling off the infected and inflamed area
b. attacking foreign substances
c. developing memory of antigens
d. producing white blood cells
walling off the infected and inflamed area
the type of cells that are responsible for activating the inflammatory response are the:
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. mast cells
d. plasma cells
mast cells
the substances released by platelets that through constriction and dilation of blood vessels affects blood flow to an injured or affected site is called:
a. histamine
b. granules
c. serotonin
d. pus
serotonin
the plasma protein system that causes vasodilation extravascular smooth muscle contraction, increased permeability, and possible chemotaxis is the:
a. kinin system
b. coagulation system
c. clotting system
d. cascade system
kinin system
cells that ingest other cells and substances such as bacteria and cell debris are;
a. neutrophils
b. phagocytes
c. basophils
d. macrocytes
phagocytes
a tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies can not be destroyed that is surrounded ad walled off is called:
a. fibroblast
b. granuloma
c. melanoma
d. cyst
granuloma
the complete healing of a wound and return of tissues the their normal structure and function is called:
a. regeneration
b. repair
c. debridement
d. resolution
resolution
Graft rejection and contact allergic reactions such as Poison Ivy are examples of:
a. type I reactions
b. type III reactions
c. type II reactions
d. type IV reactions
type IV reactions
in stage I of general adaptation syndrome, a person:
a. experiences burnout
b. experiences flight or flight
c. begins to cope
d. experiences physical illness
experiences fight or flight
the adrenal cortex releases a steroid hormone that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins, that hormone is:
a. cortisol
b. growth hormone
c. testosterone
d. beta- endorphins
cortisol
T/F
acid base balance is a dynamic relationship that reflects the relative concentration of bicarb ions in the body.
True
T/F
pH 6 represents a hydrogen ion concentration ten times as great as that represented by pH 7
True
T/F
the lower pH the greater the alkalinity
False
T/F
acidosis is high concentration of hydrogen ions, a pH below 7.35
True
T/F
normal pH range in humans is 6.0- 7.0
False
T/F
the fastest mechanisms for removing hydrogen ions from the body is the buffer system
True
T/F
one of the mechanisms the body uses to eliminate hydrogen ions is through liver function
False
T/F
in a healthy individual for every molecule of carbonic acid there are 10 molecules of bicarbonate ion.
False
T/F
an increase in hydrogen ions leads to an increase in carbonic acid
True
T/F
carbonic acid is unstable and will eventually dissociate into carbon dioxide and water
True
T/F
carbonic anhydrase is found in the bloods erythrocytes and slows the dissociate of carbonic acid in the blood
False
T/F
ammonia in water is an example of an acidic solution
false
T/ F
drain opened is an example of an basic solution
False
T/F
increased respirations cause a decrease in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH
True
T/ F
respiratory acidosis is caused by the retention of CO2
True
T/ F metabolic alkalosis can be the result of diarrhea and vomiting
True
T/F
in metabolic acidosis the pH is decreased and the CO2 level is normal
False
T/F
treatment for metabolic acidosis frequently requires an IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate
true
T/F
an increase in CO2 causes an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a decrease in pH
True
T/F
Neutral pH is 6.45 which is also the normal pH for the human body
false
