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Medical Emergencies > chapter 12 written quiz > Flashcards

chapter 12 written quiz Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the steady state of balance that the body tries to maintain is called:

a. homeostasis
b. stress
c. turnover
d. adaptation

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

a group of tissues functioning together is called a

a. organ system
b. tissue group
c. organ
d. multifunction tissue

A

organ

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3
Q 
a group of organ systems functioning together is called: 
a. body 
b. structure
c. organism 
d, animal
A

organism

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4
Q

organisms of the same species that reside in a distinct geographic area are called a :

a. community
b. territory
c. population
d. ecosystem

A

population

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5
Q

obesity is classified as which type of predisposing factor:

a. genetics
b. environment
c. social
d. lifestyle

A

lifestyle

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6
Q

the normal sequence of events that lead to a disease is called:

a. stages
b. pathogenesis
c. sequences
d. mutation

A

pathogenesis

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7
Q

a symptom is:

a. objective
b. something that you see
c. subjective
d. something that you can smell

A

subjective

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8
Q

a disease that has a sudden onset is called:

a. chronic
b. acute
c. insidious
d. abrupt

A

acute

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9
Q

Sequelae of a disease are:

a. side effects
b. unexpected
c. complications
d. life threatening events

A

complications

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10
Q

diabetes is a disease that is classified as :

a. metabolic
b. genetic
c. idiopathic
d. congenital

A

metabolic

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11
Q

a disease that occurs because of medical treatment is called:

a. neoplastic
b. idiopathic
c. ischemic
d. iatrogenic

A

iatrogenic

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12
Q

the cause of an idiopathic disease is:

a. genetic
b. unknown
c. environmental
d. congenital

A

unknown

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13
Q

the fundamental chemical unit is the:

a. electron
b. atom
c. neutron
d. cell

A

atom

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14
Q

any charged atomic particle is called a

a. cation
b. anion
c. ion
d. electrolyte

A

electrolyte

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15
Q

an ion with a negative charge is called a:

a. anion
b. cation
c. electrolyte
d. disassociate

A

anion

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16
Q

the chemical notation for sodium chloride is :

a. H2CO3
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. NaCI

A

NaCI

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17
Q

chemicals that do not contain carbon are:

a. organic
b. isotonic
c. inorganic
d. compound

A

inorganic

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18
Q

glycogenolysis is the break down of:

a. glucose into glycogen
b. glycogen into glucose
c. glycogen into disaccharide
d. glucose into disaccharide

A

glycogen into glucose

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19
Q

the nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for life is :

a. ATP
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. ADP

A

DNA

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20
Q

a high energy compound that is present in all cells is:

a. cytoplasm
b. adenosine triosephosphate
c. hysosome
d. deoxyribonucleic acid

A

adenosine triosephosphate

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21
Q

the constructive phase in metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm is called:

a. anabolism
b. catabolism
c. apoptosis
d. necrosis

A

anabolism

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22
Q

substances that give up protons during chemical reactions are called:

a. acids
b. bases
c. carbohydrates
d. proteins

A

acids

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23
Q

which of the following based on the pH is considered a base:

a. stomach secretions
b. blood
c. saliva
d. urine

A

blood

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24
Q

the most rapidly acting buffer system is the:

a. phosphate buffer system
b. carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
c. respiratory buffer system
d. protein buffer system

A

carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

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25
Q

hypoventilation results in:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis

A

respiratory acidosis

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26
Q

patients with diabetes or other kidney diseases are at risk for developing:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis

A

metabolic acidosis

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27
Q

vomiting is the most common cause of;

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis

A

metabolic alkalosis

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28
Q

hyperventilation syndrome will cause:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis

A

respiratory alkalosis

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29
Q

the basic structural unit of all plants and animals is the:

a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. tissue

A

cell

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30
Q

the thick fluid that fills the cell is called the:

a. nucleus
b. endoplasm
c. ectoplasm
d. cytoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

the membrane of the cell allows certain substances to pass from one side to another but does not allow other substances to pass. this means that the the cell membrane is:

a. dissociated
b. anaerobic
c. semipermeable
d. filterizable

A

semipermeable

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32
Q

the organelle that contains the genetic material, DNA and enzymes is the:

a. nucleus
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondria

A

nucleus

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33
Q

the difference inn concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane is called.

a. osmotic gradient
b. diffusion
c. osmosis
d. the facilitated balance

A

osmotic gradient

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34
Q

when a solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane is hypotonic it:

a. has a greater concentration of solute molecules
b. is equal in concentration to solute molecules
c. has a lesser concentration of solute molecules
d. will not move through the membrane

A

has a lesser concentration of solute molecules

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35
Q

the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to pull water form the other side of the membrane is called:

a. hydrostatic pressure
b. osmotic pressure
c. oncotic force
d. net filtration

A

osmotic pressure

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36
Q

what percentage of an average adult’s body is water?

a. 80 percent
b. 75 percent
c. 70 percent
d. 60 percent

A

60 percent

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37
Q

approximately 70 percent of the body’s water is:

a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. interstitial
d. intravascular

A

intracellular

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38
Q

the fluid outside of the cells inside the body is called:

a. intravascular fluid
b. extracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. extracellular fluid

A

extracellular fluid

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39
Q

dehydration may be caused by internal losses such as:

a. diaphoresis
b. burns, surgical drains, open wounds
c. bowel obstruction
d. hyperventilation

A

bowel obstruction

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40
Q

poor skin turgor is often seen in a patient presenting with:

a. hypertension
b. dehydration
c. diaphoresis
d. vasodilation

A

dehydration

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41
Q

the total amount of water lost from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space is called:

a. osmotic pressure
b. oncotic force
c. net filtration
d. osmolarity

A

net filtration

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42
Q

edema is the accumulation of water in the :

a. interstitial space
b. extracellular space
c. intracellular space
d. intravascular space

A

interstitial space

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43
Q 
plasma is made up of what percentage of water: 
a .98 percent
b. 92 percent
c. 86 percent
d. 82 percent
A

92 percent

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44
Q

the component of blood that contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen is the :

a. erythrocyte
b. leukocyte
c. thrombocyte
d. plasma

A

erythrocyte

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45
Q

intravenous fluids that contain proteins are called:

a. colloids
b. crystalloids
c. plasma
d. albumins

A

colloids

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46
Q

lactated ringers solution is an example of a ____ solution.

a. isotonic
b. hypotonic
c. hypertonic
d. normotonic

A

isotonic

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47
Q

an electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water is :

a. D5W
b. normal saline
c. lactated ringers
d. Harman’s solution

A

normal saline

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48
Q

every human cell contains how many pairs of chromosomes?

a. 45
b. 37
c. 23
d. 12

A

45

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49
Q

an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increase in the workload is called:

a. hyperplasia
b. hypertrophy
c. atrophy
d. dysphagia

A

hyperplasia

50
Q

aerobic exercise gradually causes_____ of the myocardium.

a. dilation
b. atrophy
c. hypertrophy
d. hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy

51
Q

a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload is called:

a. hyperplasia
b. mitosis
c. atrophy
d. dysplasia

A

atrophy

52
Q

” Necrosis” means:

a. an injured cell destroying itself
b. oxygen deficiency
c. cell death
d. a build up of waste products

A

cell death

53
Q

the most common cause of cellular injury is oxygen deficiency or:

a. ischemia
b. hypoxia
c. infarction
d. inflammation

A

ischemia

54
Q

the innermost germ cell layer is called the:

a. endoderm
b. mesoderm
c. exoderm
d. extoderm

A

endoderm

55
Q

the tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body is called:

a. connective tissue
b. epithelial tissue
c. smooth tissue
d. muscle tissue

A

epithelial tissue

56
Q

simple squamous epithelial tissue is found in the:

a. lungs
b. stomach
c. kidneys
d. heart

A

lungs

57
Q

connective tissues:

a. are not directly attached to one another
b. are directly attached to one another
c. are derived from ectoderm
d. are derived from endoderm

A

are not directly attached to one another

58
Q

the most abundant cell type found in connective tissue is:

a. mast cells
b. fibroblasts
c. adipocytes
d. macrophages

A

fibroblasts

59
Q

cells that engulf damaged cells are called:

a. mast cells
b. fibroblasts
c. adipocytes
d. macrophages

A

macrophages

60
Q

ligaments attach bones to:

a. muscle
b. bone
c. cartilage
d. tendon

A

bone

61
Q

the type of muscle tissue encircling blood vessels is:

a. skeletal muscle
b. smooth muscle
c. connective tissue
d. cardiac tissue

A

smooth muscle

62
Q

metastasis occurs when malignant cells:

a. reproduce in the original location
b. die off
c. shed to other areas of the body
d. develop their own blood supply

A

shed to other areas of the body

63
Q

the event the begins the transformation from normal tissue to cancer is:

a. transformation
b. promotion
c. initiation
d. development

A

initiation

64
Q

diseases caused by a mix of environmental and genetic factors are called:

a. multisystem failure
b. multifactorial disorders
c. multiple defects
d. geno- environmental

A

multifactorial disorders

65
Q

all of the following are immunological disorders except:

a. diabetes
b. rheumatic fever
c. allergies
d. asthma

A

diabetes

66
Q

the disease caused by a genetic clotting factor is:

a. hemochromatosis
b. anemia
c. hemophilia
d. encephalitis

A

hemophilia

67
Q

a neuromuscular disorder known to be caused by a genetic defect is:

a. cholecystitis
b. Huntington’s disease
c. Chron’s disease
d. schizophrenia

A

Huntington’s disease

68
Q

the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues is called:

a. circulation
b. hydration
c. perfusion
d. output

A

perfusion

69
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three components of the circulatory system:

a. Siphon
b. fluid
c. container
d. pump

A

siphon

70
Q

cardiac output is the :

a. amount of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction of the ventricles
b. force of blood pumped by the heart with each contraction of the ventricles
c. resistance that a contraction must overcome in order to eject the blood
d. amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

71
Q

the pressure against which the heart must pump is called:

a. afterload
b. preload
c. peripheral vascular resistance
d. cardiac contractile force

A

peripheral vascular resistance

72
Q

the dependence on a set of conditions for oxygen movement and utilization is known as:

a. the Fick principle
b. Cushing’s triad
c. the frank-Starling principle
d. the principle of Willis

A

the Fick principle

73
Q

your patient has received a large traumatic injury. blood pressure is normal but the heart rate and respiratory rate are increased and the skin is cool and clammy. your patient is in:

a. homeostasis
b. compensated shock
c. decompensated shock
d. irreversible shock

A

compensated shock

74
Q

your patient has received a large traumatic injury. blood pressure is normal but the heart rate and respiratory rate are increased and the skin is cool and clammy.

  • your patient now experiences a drop in blood pressure, your patient is is:
    a. homeostasis
    b. compensated shock
    c. decompensated shock
    d. irreversible shock
A

decompensated shock

75
Q

abnormal distribution and return of blood from vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both, is the definition of:

a. cardiogenic shock
b. ischemic shock
c. obstructive shock
d. distributive shock

A

distributive shock

76
Q

treatment for cardiogenic shock should include:

a. placing the patient in Trendelenburg position
b. replacing fluid rapidly with a crystalloid solution
c. keeping the patient warm
d. applying nd inflating the PASG

A

keeping the patient warm

77
Q 
the type of shock resulting from arteries losing tone and dilatating is known as: 
a. hypovolemic shock 
b. cardiogenic shock 
c, hemorrhagic shock 
d. neurogenic shock
A

neurogenic shock

78
Q

the progressive impairment of two or more organ systems from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury us called:

a. multiple organ system failure
b. multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
c. multiple system failure
d. multiple sepsis syndrome

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

79
Q

the systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream is called:

a. infection
b. septicemia
c. pathogenia
d. toxemia

A

septicemia

80
Q

which of the following begins within seconds of injury or invasion by a pathogen:

a. immune response
b. febrile response
c. inflammatory response
d. leukocyte response

A

inflammatory response

81
Q 
which of the following is not one of the three lines of defense for infection? 
a. anatomic barriers
b. immune response
c, inflammatory response 
d. febrile response
A

febrile response

82
Q

protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after exposure to an antigen is called:

a. acquired immunity
b. natural immunity
c. primary immune response
d. synthetic immunity

A

acquired immunity

83
Q

the special type of leucocyte that is responsible for recognizing foreign antibodies and developing memory is the:

a. lymphocyte
b. IgM lymphocyte
c. B lymphocyte
d. IgD lymphocyte

A

lymphocyte

84
Q

molecules that do not trigger an immune response on their own but can become immunogenic when combined with larger molecules are called:

a. HLA antigens
b. MHC antigens
c. Haptens
d. immunogens

A

Haptens

85
Q

someone is considered a universal donor if he has blood type:

a. O
b. A
c. B
d. AB

A

O

86
Q

the development by B lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow of receptors for every possible type of antigen is called:

a. clonal selection
b. clonal diversity
c. clonal integration
d. clonal application

A

clonal diversity

87
Q

antigen-antibody complex is the:

a. substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it
b. substance form when an antibody to a specific antigen is formed in the body
c. result of an antibody attaching to a normal red blood cell
d. DNA from an antigen being absorbed by and antibody

A

substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it

88
Q

the first antibody produced during the primary immune response is the:

a. IgM
b. IgE
c. IgA
d. IgE

A

IgM

89
Q

the cells that transfer delayed hypersensitivity and secrete proteins that activate other cells are called:

a. Td cells
b. Tc cells
c. Th cells
d. Ts cells

A

Td cells

90
Q

proteins produced by the white blood cells, the “messengers” of the immune response are the:

a. monokines
b. prokines
c. cytokines
d. antokines

A

cytokines

91
Q

the organ that is responsible for T cell development is the :

a. spleen
b. pancreas
c. thymus
d. hypothalamus

A

thymus

92
Q

which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between the immune response and the inflammatory response:

a. immune response is specific; inflammation is nonspecific
b. the immune response is temporary. inflammation is long lasting
c. the immune response develops quickly; inflammation develops slowly
d. immune response involved many types of white cells while inflammation only involves one type of white cell

A

immune response is specific; inflammation is nonspecific

93
Q

one of the four functions of inflammation is:

a. walling off the infected and inflamed area
b. attacking foreign substances
c. developing memory of antigens
d. producing white blood cells

A

walling off the infected and inflamed area

94
Q

the type of cells that are responsible for activating the inflammatory response are the:

a. T cells
b. B cells
c. mast cells
d. plasma cells

A

mast cells

95
Q

the substances released by platelets that through constriction and dilation of blood vessels affects blood flow to an injured or affected site is called:

a. histamine
b. granules
c. serotonin
d. pus

A

serotonin

96
Q

the plasma protein system that causes vasodilation extravascular smooth muscle contraction, increased permeability, and possible chemotaxis is the:

a. kinin system
b. coagulation system
c. clotting system
d. cascade system

A

kinin system

97
Q

cells that ingest other cells and substances such as bacteria and cell debris are;

a. neutrophils
b. phagocytes
c. basophils
d. macrocytes

A

phagocytes

98
Q

a tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies can not be destroyed that is surrounded ad walled off is called:

a. fibroblast
b. granuloma
c. melanoma
d. cyst

A

granuloma

99
Q

the complete healing of a wound and return of tissues the their normal structure and function is called:

a. regeneration
b. repair
c. debridement
d. resolution

A

resolution

100
Q

Graft rejection and contact allergic reactions such as Poison Ivy are examples of:

a. type I reactions
b. type III reactions
c. type II reactions
d. type IV reactions

A

type IV reactions

101
Q

in stage I of general adaptation syndrome, a person:

a. experiences burnout
b. experiences flight or flight
c. begins to cope
d. experiences physical illness

A

experiences fight or flight

102
Q

the adrenal cortex releases a steroid hormone that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins, that hormone is:

a. cortisol
b. growth hormone
c. testosterone
d. beta- endorphins

A

cortisol

103
Q

T/F

acid base balance is a dynamic relationship that reflects the relative concentration of bicarb ions in the body.

A

True

104
Q

T/F

pH 6 represents a hydrogen ion concentration ten times as great as that represented by pH 7

A

True

105
Q

T/F

the lower pH the greater the alkalinity

A

False

106
Q

T/F

acidosis is high concentration of hydrogen ions, a pH below 7.35

A

True

107
Q

T/F

normal pH range in humans is 6.0- 7.0

A

False

108
Q

T/F

the fastest mechanisms for removing hydrogen ions from the body is the buffer system

A

True

109
Q

T/F

one of the mechanisms the body uses to eliminate hydrogen ions is through liver function

A

False

110
Q

T/F

in a healthy individual for every molecule of carbonic acid there are 10 molecules of bicarbonate ion.

A

False

111
Q

T/F

an increase in hydrogen ions leads to an increase in carbonic acid

A

True

112
Q

T/F

carbonic acid is unstable and will eventually dissociate into carbon dioxide and water

A

True

113
Q

T/F

carbonic anhydrase is found in the bloods erythrocytes and slows the dissociate of carbonic acid in the blood

A

False

114
Q

T/F

ammonia in water is an example of an acidic solution

A

false

115
Q

T/ F

drain opened is an example of an basic solution

A

False

116
Q

T/F

increased respirations cause a decrease in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH

A

True

117
Q

T/ F

respiratory acidosis is caused by the retention of CO2

A

True

118
Q

T/ F metabolic alkalosis can be the result of diarrhea and vomiting

A

True

119
Q

T/F

in metabolic acidosis the pH is decreased and the CO2 level is normal

A

False

120
Q

T/F

treatment for metabolic acidosis frequently requires an IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate

A

true

121
Q

T/F

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a decrease in pH

A

True

122
Q

T/F

Neutral pH is 6.45 which is also the normal pH for the human body

A

false

Medical Emergencies (19 decks)

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