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Rice Medical Terminology > Chapter 12: Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Vocab Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Albuminuria

A

Protein in the urine- albumin is major protein in blood plasma. When in urine may indicate a leak in glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into urine

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2
Q

Antidiuretic

A

Pertaining to a medication that decreases urine production and secretion

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3
Q

Anuria

A

Literally means without the formation of urine; lack of urine production

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4
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Presence of bacteria in the urine

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5
Q

Calciuria

A

Presence of calcium in the urine

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6
Q

Calculus

A

Pebble; any abnormal concretion (stone); plural: calculi

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7
Q

Catheter

A

Tube of elastic, elastic web, rubber, glass, metal, or plastic that is inserted into a body cavity to remove fluid or to inject fluid

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8
Q

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

Disease that results from any condition that causes gradual loss of kidney function. When the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as healthy kidneys, waste from the blood remains in the body. CKD can lead to kidney failure. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. Classified according to its severity; designated in stages 1-5

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9
Q

Cystectomy

A

Surgical excision of the bladder or part of the bladder

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10
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder, usually occurring secondarily to ascending urinary tract infections. More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli, a bacillus found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a painful inflammation of the bladder wall.

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11
Q

Cystocele

A

Hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina

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12
Q

Cystogram

A

X-ray record of the bladder

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13
Q

Cystolith

A

A bladder stone; a vesical calculus

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14
Q

Cystoscope

A

Medical instrument used for visual examination of the bladder

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15
Q

Dialysis

A

Medical procedure to separate waste material from the blood and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid – base balance in impaired kidney function or in the absence of the kidney. Two main types of dialysis, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), remove waste from the blood in different ways.

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16
Q

Diuresis

A

Pathological condition of increased or excessive flow of urine; occurs in conditions such as diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Diuretics can also produce diuresis

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17
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

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18
Q

Edema

A

Pathological condition in which the body tissues contain an accumulation of fluid

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19
Q

Enuresis

A

Condition of involuntary admission of urine; bedwetting

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20
Q

Excretory

A

Pertaining to the illumination of waste products from the body

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21
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Process whereby a medical device is used to crush kidney stones. The patient is sedated and immersed in a water bath while shockwaves pound the stones until they crumble into small pieces. These pieces are generally flushed out with urine

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22
Q

Glomerular

A

Literally means pertaining to the glomerulus; a network of blood vessels located within the Bowmans capsule that permits a greater surface area for filtration

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23
Q

Glomerulitis

A

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli

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24
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli there are three types: acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), and sub acute glomerulonephritis

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25
Q

Glycosuria

A

Presence of glucose in the urine

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26
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of red blood cells in the urine. And microscopic hematuria, the urine appears normal to the naked eye, but examination with a microscope shows a high number of RBC’s. Gross hematuria can be seen with the naked eye – the urine is red or the color of cola. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells then it is a sign of a urinary tract infection

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27
Q

Hemodialysis (HD)

A

Use of an artificial kidney to separate waste from the blood. The blood is circulated through tubes made of semi permeable membrane‘s, and these tubes are continually bathed by solutions that remove waste

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28
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Pathological condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis because of an obstructed outflow, thereby causing dissension and damage to the kidney; can be caused by renal calculi, tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland

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29
Q

Hypercalciuria

A

Excessive amount of calcium in the urine

30
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to hold or control urination or defecation

31
Q

Interstitial cystitis (IS)

A

Chronically irritable and painful inflammation of the bladder wall

32
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of ketones in the urine resulting from breakdown of fats due to faulty carbohydrate metabolism. It occurs primarily as a complication of diabetes mellitus but can occur in dieting and starvation; also called ketoacidosis

33
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Crushing of a kidney stone

34
Q

Meatotomy

A

Incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening

35
Q

Meatus

A

Opening or passage; the external opening of the urethra

36
Q

Micturition

A

Process of urination; to void; emptying the bladder

37
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Surgical excision of a kidney

38
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

39
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Commonly called kidney stones; usually deposits of mineral salts, called calculi, in the kidney. These stones can pass into the ureter, irritate kidney tissue, and blockier and flow. Kidney stones occur when the urine has a high level of minerals (usually calcium) that form stones

40
Q

Nephrology

A

Literally means study of the kidney; study of kidney function as well as diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases

41
Q

Nephroma

A

Kidney tumor

42
Q

Nephron

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

43
Q

Nephropathy

A

Pathological disease of the kidney

44
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

Condition of hardening of the kidney

45
Q

Nocturia

A

Urination during the night

46
Q

Oliguria

A

Scanty, decreased amount of urine. The decreased production of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, or urinary obstruction/urinary retention. It can be contrasted with anuria which represents a more complete suppression of urine

47
Q

Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL)

A

Crushing of a kidney stone by using ultrasound. This is an invasive surgical procedure performed by using a nephroscope or fluoroscopy

48
Q

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A

Separation of waste from the blood by using peritoneal catheter and dialysis. Fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, and waste from the blood pass into this fluid. The fluid and waste are then removed from the body. Types of peritoneal dialysis are IPD – intermittent and and CAPD – continuous ambulatory

49
Q

Periurethral

A

Literally means pertaining to around the urethra; the immediate area surrounding the urethra

50
Q

Polyuria

A

Literally means excessive secretion and discharge of urine; frequent urination; occurs in diabetes mellitus, chronic nephritis, and nephrosclerosis, and can be introduced with diuretics and following excessive intake of liquids

51
Q

Pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

52
Q

Pyelolithotomy

A

Surgical incision into the renal pelvis for removal of a stone

53
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. It is usually caused by a bacteria entering the kidneys from the bladder. Escherichia coli is a bacillus that is normally found in the large intestines. These infections usually spread from the lower urinary tract via the urethra, to the ureters, and then into the renal pelvis

54
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus or white blood cells in the urine; caused by infection (most commonly bacterial) or response to an inflammation process in the body

55
Q

Renal

A

Pertaining to the kidney

56
Q

Renal colic

A

Sharp, severe pain in the lower back over the kidney, radiating forward into the groin. It usually accompanies forcible dilation of a ureter, followed by spasm as a stone is lodged or passed through it

57
Q

Renal failure

A

Pathological failure of the kidney to function; also referred to as kidney failure

58
Q

Renal transplantation

A

The organ transplant of a healthy donor kidney in to a patient with end-stage renal disease

59
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme produced by the kidney that stimulates vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. The blood renin level is elevated in some types of hypertension

60
Q

Sediment

A

Substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid; a precipitate; can be produced by centrifuging urine or other body fluids

61
Q

Sterile

A

State of being free from living micro organisms; aseptic

62
Q

Uremia

A

Excess of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism accumulated in the blood; also referred to as azotemia. In current usage, it refers to the syndrome associated with end stage renal failure

63
Q

Ureteroplasty

A

Surgical repair of the ureter

64
Q

Ureterostomy

A

Surgical creation of a new opening into the ureter to provide an alternate route for drainage of urine.

65
Q

Urethral stricture

A

Narrowing or constriction of the urethra

66
Q

Urethroperineal

A

Pertaining to the urethra and perineum

67
Q

Urgency

A

Sudden need to void, urinate

68
Q

Urinometer

A

Medical instrument used to measure the specific gravity of urine

69
Q

Urobilin

A

Brown pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; may be formed in the urine after exposure to air

70
Q

Urochrome

A

Pigment that gives urine the normal yellow color

Rice Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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