Chapter 12: Tumor immunology and immunotherapy and inflammation (Book, main) Flashcards
I think a lot of these cards are already seen as ‘common knowledge’, but just in case: the following cards will be refresher.
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Immune cells arise from two types of progenitor cells. What two cells?
Myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
Name cells that respond early and non-specifically to infection and are thus part of the innate immune response.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and macrophages.
Name cells that respond later during infection and are thus part of the adaptive immune response.
B cells and T cells (helpter T cells and cytotoxic T cells).
How can the immune system play a dual role in cancer?
It as both anti-tumor as pro-tumor effects.
- Anti-tumor: immune cells can recognize and eliminate tumor cells.
- Pro-tumor: antigens of cancer cells that are shaped by the immune system could lead to evasion of the immune system and cancer promotion.
What is the main function of B cells?
To synthesize and secrete antibodies (humoral immunity). Antibodies can recognize almost any antigen encountered by the immune system and can coordinate cell-mediated cell lysis.
Antibody production may be triggered by protein, lipid, or polysacchardide antigens and requires B cell-T cell interaction. What is the result of this interaction?
B cell differentiation into memory B cells and plasma cells that produce IgG antibodies.
How can a single clone of a specific B be grown experimentally in order to produce quantities of a specific monoclonal antibody?
By creating hybridoma, a hybrid cell formed by fusing a B cell with a B cell cancer cell (myeloma).
T cells (CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. What does this mean?
That they have membrane-bound T cell receptors that can recognize antigens that are presented to them via antigen-presenting cells (APC).
What is the main target of T cells?
Virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
What is the function of T regulatory cells?
They suppress the function of immune cells and are important regulators of the immune response.
The immune system protects against cancer in three ways. Name these.
- Protection from viral and bacterial infection that may be caustive agents of cancer.
- It helps resolve inflammation, a promotor of cancer.
- It can recognize and kill tumor cells.
What is immunosurveillance?
The concept (hypothesized in mid-20th century) that the immune system recognizes cancer cells as foreign agents and eliminates them.
The cancer immunity cycle has already been broadly discussed in the lecture. There will be a few cards about this topic in this deck.
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What are the 7 steps in an immune response against a tumor?
- Release of cancer cell antigens during tumor cell death.
- Cancer antigen presentation on APCs.
- Priming and activation of T cells in lymph nodes
- Transport to tumors via the bloodstream
- Infiltration of T cells into tumors
- Recognition of cancer cells
- Tumor cell death