Chapter 11: Nutrients, hormones, and gene interactions (Secondary details) Flashcards
What is researched in nutrigenomics?
That dietary constituents can affect gene expression
What three subjects are important in nutrigenomics?
Epidemiology, nutrition science and biochemistry.
Dietary alterations in the gut microbiota due to being obese have carcinogenic effects. What changes in regard to the microbiota?
There will be more Gram+ bacteria in the gut.
Who are more obese on average (men or women)?
Men (please look at this figure and examine)
In 1980, 45% of people aged 65+ were overweight (US). What is the expected % of people aged 65+ who are overweight by 2040? And what is determined as the prevention % by 2040?
- The expected % of people aged 65+ by 2040 is 70%.
- The prevention % is 45%.
True/false: There is strong evidence that being overweight or obese is a cause of 12 different types of cancer.
True (bowel, breast, gallbladder, kidney, liver, mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, ovary, pancreas, prostate, stomach, womb).
Don’t learn this by heart. This table shows that there’s a lot of evidence for the correlation between being overweight or obese and cancer.
Ok
Name 10 ways you can protect yourself from cancer (Don’t learn this by heart, it’s more for illustration that nutrition is a big part of cancer prevention. But also try to understand the reason why these ways can prevent cancer).
- Be a healthy weight
- Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruits and beans.
- Limit consumption of red and processed meat
- Be physically active
- Limit consumption of fast food and other processed foods high in gat, starches or sugars.
- Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks.
- Limit alcohol consumption
- For mothers: breastfeed your baby, if you can
- Do not use supplements for cancer prevention
- After a cancer diagnosis: follow recommendations.
Just look at the health benefits of exercise :)
Ok
Choose between and fill in the dots:
Smoking OR unhealthy diet OR no exercise. Of all lifestyle ‘choices’ … (1) has the highest disease burden with a percentage of 9.4%. After this, the lifestyle ‘choice’ with the highest disease burden (8,1%) is … (2). Of these two, a/an … (3) has the highest health care expenditure. Death rate is highest with … (4).
Choose between and fill in the dots: Smoking OR unhealthy diet OR no exercise. Of all lifestyle ‘choices’ smoking has the highest disease burden with a percentage of 9.4%. After this, the lifestyle ‘choice’ with the highest disease burden (8,1%) is unhealthy diet Of these two, a/an unhealthy diet has the highest health care expenditure. Death rate is highest with smoking (4).
Fill in: Eating 100 grams of red meat causes a …(1)% higher risk of cancer. Eating 100 grams of red meat or 50 grams processed meat per day results in a …(2)% increase in risk.
Eating 100 grams of red meat causes a 17% higher risk of cancer. Eating 100 grams of red meat or 50 grams processed meat per day results in a 1% increase in risk.
What specific diet (is thought to) reduce the risk of cancer?
The mediterranean diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, tomatoes, grapes and garlic).
Is dietary fiber truly protective against colon cancer?
No, see the picture of a graph that displays different kinds of researches about fiber (you can see how broad the range of results is).
Is there a difference in risk reduction between proximal and distal colon cancers?
No, the risk reduction is around 20% for both types of cancers.
Basic food groups of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide us with glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively, which can be metabolized to produce energy. Food also provides precursors for biosynthetic reaction. What do proteins and vitamins and minerals provide?
Proteins provide nitrogen needed for the synthesis of the nitrogenous base of DNA. Vitamins and minerals provide co-factors that are essential for the function of many enzymes.
