Chapter 12 Test

Question 1

What is a homogeneous mixture of variable composition in a single phase?

Answer 1

Solution

Question 2

What is the most abundant substance in a solution?

Answer 2

Solvent

Question 3

What is a dissolved substance in a solution?

Answer 3

Solutes

Question 4

When liquids separate after mixing, they are said to be what?

Answer 4

Immiscible

Question 5

What is a solution containing mercury called?

Answer 5

Amalgams

Question 6

What is the only permanent gas solution at ordinary pressures?

Answer 6

Gaseous solvents dissolving gaseous solutes.

Gases cannot dissolved liquid/solid particles because they’re size is too small

Question 7

What is the dissolving process in solid-in-liquid solutions called?

Answer 7

Solvation

Question 8

Solvation in water is called what?

Answer 8

Hydration

Question 9

If the solute is an ionic compound, solvent molecules break up the crystal into ions in the process of what?

Answer 9

Dissociation

Question 10

Covalent compounds form ions when they dissolve in solution, known as what?

Answer 10

Ionization

Question 11

What is the governing principal in solutions?

Answer 11

Like dissolves like

Question 12

What is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a specific solvent under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure?

Answer 12

Solubility

Question 13

Strength of an ionic attraction within a compound accounts for what?

Answer 13

Solubility

Question 14

What is it called when it is possible for ions to be bound together so tightly that a specific solvent cannot break them apart

Answer 14

Insoluble

Question 15

When two processes ‘cancel out’ and no noticeable change occurs is what?

Answer 15

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 16

Are supersaturated solutions stable?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What can affect the frequency of collisions with solvent particles?

Answer 17

Temperature, stirring, and surface area of the solute

Question 18

What is the escape of a gas from a liquid gas from a solution?

Answer 18

Effervescence

Question 19

Percent by mass, molarity, and molality are common ways to express what?

Answer 19

Concentration

Question 20

What is the formula for percent by mass?

Answer 20

% mass = mass of solute / mass of solution * 100%

Question 21

What is the formula for percent by volume?

Answer 21

% volume = volume of solute / volume of solution * 100%

Question 22

What is the formula for molarity?

Answer 22

Molarity (M) = mol solute / Liter solution

Question 23

What is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

Answer 23

Molarity (M)

Question 24

What is the formula for molality?

Answer 24

molality (m) = mol solute / kg solvent

Question 25

What is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent?

Answer 25

Molality (m)

Question 26

What four things change because of the presence of solutes instead of just a pure solvent?

Answer 26

Freezing point,
Boiling point,
Vapor Pressure,
Osmotic Pressure

Question 27

What is depend on the number of solute particles in solution?

Answer 27

Colligative property

Question 28

It has been found that 1 mole of particles—molecules, atoms, or ions—in 1 kilogram of water elevates the boiling point of water 0.512 °C is called what?

Answer 28

Molal Boiling-Point Constant (K^b)

Question 29

The more concentrated a solution is, the (greater/lesser) the boiling point elevation will be.

Answer 29

Greater

Question 30

Solutions freeze at (lower/higher) temperatures than covalent compounds do.

Answer 30

Lower

Question 31

What is the process in which a solvent moves across a semipermeable membrane?

Answer 31

Osmosis

Question 32

What is the amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring?

Answer 32

Osmotic pressure of a solution

Question 33

Why is osmotic pressure of a solution a colligative property?

Answer 33

Because it depends on the number of particles in a solution

Question 34

What is it called when the concentrations on both sides of the cell are equal?

Answer 34

Isotonic

Question 35

Water flows out of the cell into and around the surrounding solution

Answer 35

Hypertonic solution

Question 36

Water flows into of the cell and might cause it to burst

Answer 36

Hypotonic

Question 37

Why should the solution surrounding a cell be kept at the same osmotic pressure as the solution inside the cell?

Answer 37

If this equilibrium is disturbed, water could leave the cell in sufficient quantities to cause dehydration to could enter the cell and cause the membrane to burst
Summary: cell could burst

Question 38

What is a mixture in larger particles that eventually settle out?

Answer 38

Suspensions

Question 39

What are mixtures that contain small particles dispersed in a medium?

Answer 39

Colloids

Question 40

The particles in colloids are sometimes called what?

Answer 40

Dispersed phase

Question 41

Fog is a what?

Answer 41

Colloid

Question 42

What phases can colloids exist in?

Answer 42

Solid, liquid, and gases

Question 43

Can a gas/gas colloid exist?

Answer 43

No, they are a solution

Question 44

Name three types of colloids.

Answer 44

Foams, aerosols, gels, emulsions sol

Question 45

What demonstrated that the particles in colloids were large enough to scatter light waves?

Answer 45

Tyndall effect

Question 46

Pollen particles moved slightly, as if they were being jostled by many small collisions is called what?

Answer 46

Brownian motion

Question 47

Step one of practical water treatment

Answer 47

Pathogens are killed using chlorinated water with chlorine dioxide or similar substance

Question 48

Step two of practical water treatment

Answer 48

Other compounds clump impurities together so a lower grade filter can be used

Question 49

Step three of practical water treatment

Answer 49

Water is passed through a filter under pressure to remove impurities