Chapter 12 Test Flashcards
What is a homogeneous mixture of variable composition in a single phase?
Solution
What is the most abundant substance in a solution?
Solvent
What is a dissolved substance in a solution?
Solutes
When liquids separate after mixing, they are said to be what?
Immiscible
What is a solution containing mercury called?
Amalgams
What is the only permanent gas solution at ordinary pressures?
Gaseous solvents dissolving gaseous solutes.
Gases cannot dissolved liquid/solid particles because they’re size is too small
What is the dissolving process in solid-in-liquid solutions called?
Solvation
Solvation in water is called what?
Hydration
If the solute is an ionic compound, solvent molecules break up the crystal into ions in the process of what?
Dissociation
Covalent compounds form ions when they dissolve in solution, known as what?
Ionization
What is the governing principal in solutions?
Like dissolves like
What is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a specific solvent under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure?
Solubility
Strength of an ionic attraction within a compound accounts for what?
Solubility
What is it called when it is possible for ions to be bound together so tightly that a specific solvent cannot break them apart
Insoluble
When two processes ‘cancel out’ and no noticeable change occurs is what?
Dynamic equilibrium
Are supersaturated solutions stable?
No
What can affect the frequency of collisions with solvent particles?
Temperature, stirring, and surface area of the solute
What is the escape of a gas from a liquid gas from a solution?
Effervescence
Percent by mass, molarity, and molality are common ways to express what?
Concentration
What is the formula for percent by mass?
% mass = mass of solute / mass of solution * 100%
What is the formula for percent by volume?
% volume = volume of solute / volume of solution * 100%
What is the formula for molarity?
Molarity (M) = mol solute / Liter solution
What is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?
Molarity (M)
What is the formula for molality?
molality (m) = mol solute / kg solvent
What is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent?
Molality (m)
What four things change because of the presence of solutes instead of just a pure solvent?
Freezing point,
Boiling point,
Vapor Pressure,
Osmotic Pressure
What is depend on the number of solute particles in solution?
Colligative property
It has been found that 1 mole of particles—molecules, atoms, or ions—in 1 kilogram of water elevates the boiling point of water 0.512 °C is called what?
Molal Boiling-Point Constant (K^b)
The more concentrated a solution is, the (greater/lesser) the boiling point elevation will be.
Greater
Solutions freeze at (lower/higher) temperatures than covalent compounds do.
Lower
What is the process in which a solvent moves across a semipermeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring?
Osmotic pressure of a solution
Why is osmotic pressure of a solution a colligative property?
Because it depends on the number of particles in a solution
What is it called when the concentrations on both sides of the cell are equal?
Isotonic
Water flows out of the cell into and around the surrounding solution
Hypertonic solution
Water flows into of the cell and might cause it to burst
Hypotonic
Why should the solution surrounding a cell be kept at the same osmotic pressure as the solution inside the cell?
If this equilibrium is disturbed, water could leave the cell in sufficient quantities to cause dehydration to could enter the cell and cause the membrane to burst
Summary: cell could burst
What is a mixture in larger particles that eventually settle out?
Suspensions
What are mixtures that contain small particles dispersed in a medium?
Colloids
The particles in colloids are sometimes called what?
Dispersed phase
Fog is a what?
Colloid
What phases can colloids exist in?
Solid, liquid, and gases
Can a gas/gas colloid exist?
No, they are a solution
Name three types of colloids.
Foams, aerosols, gels, emulsions sol
What demonstrated that the particles in colloids were large enough to scatter light waves?
Tyndall effect
Pollen particles moved slightly, as if they were being jostled by many small collisions is called what?
Brownian motion
Step one of practical water treatment
Pathogens are killed using chlorinated water with chlorine dioxide or similar substance
Step two of practical water treatment
Other compounds clump impurities together so a lower grade filter can be used
Step three of practical water treatment
Water is passed through a filter under pressure to remove impurities
