Chapter 11 TEST Flashcards
Dipole-Dipole force, hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces are examples of what?
Intermolecular forces
When bonded with hydrogen, which highly electric electronegative elements cause the shared electrons to shift away from the hydrogen atom, because of their greater electronegativity?
Fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen
Which intermolecular force is the strongest and why?
Hydrogen bonds, their proximity and polarity
A substance is typically about (10% or 60%) denser as a solid than as a liquid.
10%
A substance is typically about 10% denser as a solid than as a liquid. Which is an exception?
Water
Solids have no distinct shape or underlying pattern. When they split or shatter, irregular fragments result are called what?
Amorphous solids
Ionic and metallic solids are usually
crystalline
Rubber, asphalt, paraffin, amorphous sulfur, and some plastics are called what?
Amorphous solids
The temperature at which a substance changes between the solid and liquid states is called what?
Melting point
What is the transition from a solid to a liquid?
Melting
Crystalline substances have what kind of melting points?
Distinct
What is the direct change in state from the solid to the gaseous state?
Sublimation
Cubic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, triclinic, monoclinic, hexagonal, orthorhombic are what?
The seven basic crystal shapes
Adding particles to the faces of the interior of the seven basic crystals do what?
Modify the crystal
What type of crystal not only has particles at each of the corners, but it also has one in the center of the crystal?
Body-centered crystal
Elements or compounds that can form more than one type of crystal lattice are called what?
Polymorphous
Pure elements that are polymorphous are called allotropic elements. The different forms of allotropic elements are called what?
Allotropes
What is it called when in a crystal, energy is released when gaseous particles from crystals?
Lattice energy
The magnitude of the electrical charges in a crystal effect its what?
Stability
Why does particle size affect binding forces?
Smaller particles can be tightly bound and larger particles can’t be
What of a crystal also affect binding forces?
Geometric structure
The strength of a crystal can be affected by what three things?
Size of particles, geometric structure, and charge of particles
What is a substance that is added to a liquid that acts to reduce the surface tension of that liquid by interfering with hydrogen with hydrogen bonds called?
Surfactants
A liquid’s ability to resist flow is called what?
Viscosity
A concave surface is called what?
Meniscus
What is it called when water rises up a narrow tube easily?
Capillary action/rise
Formation of a liquid from its gaseous state and reverse vaporization is called what?
Condensation
Evaporation is a what process?
Cooling
Vaporization in a non-boiling liquid is called what?
Evaporation
What type of attractions allow quick evaporations?
Weak
Pressure exerted by evaporated molecules is called what?
Vapor pressure
Two processes of condensation and evaporation balance each other so that no net effect can be observed is called what?
Dynamic equilibrium
Temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the applied pressure is called what?
Boiling pressure
What is vaporization and condensation to separate mixtures called?
Distillation
What can condense and even solidify any gas?
Low temperatures and high pressures
What is the highest temperature at which a gas can be liquified?
Critical temperatures
Three types of vaporization are?
Condensation, evaporation, and boiling
