Chapter 12: Special Extrication Situations Flashcards
When faced with a vehicle in a structure, rescuers must first check ____, then ____.
- the condition of the structure
* the condition of the vehicles
Shoring
General term used for lengths or timber, screw jacks, hydraulic and pneumatic jacks, and other devices that can be used as temporary support for formwork or structural components or used to hold sheeting against trench walls. Individual supports are called shores, cross braces, and struts. Commonly used in conjunction with cribbing.
If it is determined that the structure has been damaged to the point that a collapse is likely, what should happen next?
a structural collapse rescue team or other qualified personnel should start shoring the structure.
Rescuers should request ____ whenever structural stability is in question.
the response of the local building department
Once an unstable structure has been shored, rescuers should ____
begin the process of assessing the condition of the vehicle.
Before stabilizing a vehicle in a structure, after the structure has been shored, rescuers should ____
conduct an assessment of the trapped victim(s)
With a vehicle trapped in a building, rescuers should consider ____ only in the most extreme situations.
pulling the vehicle out of the structure.
While extricating victims from vehicles in a structure, rescuers must be sure to avoid ____
disturbing or dislodging any of the shoring that supports the structure.
When working inside a structure to extricate a victim, rescuers should consider ____ and ____ when using gas powered equipment.
- ventilation
* atmospheric monitoring
A submerged vehicle will have ____, while a partially submerged vehicle would have ____.
- its passenger compartment totally under water
* a portion of the passenger compartment above the water.
Rescuers should determine the submersion of a vehicle based on ____.
the bottom of the waterway. Partially submerged vehicles may be floating, only to become submerged.
If a vehicle comes to rest in a body of water, rescue personnel should ask:
Can rescue personnel perform extrication operations without having to enter the water?
Situations where the operation is most certainly a body recovery and not a rescue.
- if the vehicle fell from a great height into the water.
* if the vehicle occupants have been submerged for more than an hour
In most cases, there is little that anyone can do to stabilize a vehicle that is immersed in water except ____
secure the vehicle to shore with rope, chain, cable, or webbing attached to a secure anchor point.
After a vehicle has been pulled from a body of water, they can use the same extrication process as in any other vehicle incident with that type of vehicle, with the following exceptions:
- Electrically powered extrication tools and equipment must be used only where contact with water is not likely
- Rescuers must secure the vehicle with a rope, chain, cable, or webbing attached to a secure anchor point to prevent rescue operations from causing the vehicle to roll back into the water.
When responding to hanging vehicle incidents, rescuers should first ask:
Can the trapped victims be reached from below with standard fire service ground ladders or aerial devices?
When devising a plan to stabilize the vehicle rescuers must consider the following:
- Type and weight of vehicle involved
- Height above the surface
- Likelihood of the vehicle falling
Rescuers may need to secure the hanging vehicle to ____ with as many ____, ____, or ____ as they can safely and quickly in order to provide initial stabilization.
- anchor points
* ropes, chains, or pieces of webbing
With hanging vehicle incidents rescuers should provide each victim ____
with fall protection.
RV incidents may put rescue personnel and other at greater risk if ____
liquefied petroleum gas or other fuel tank or associated piping has been damaged and is leaking.
The structures of most RV’s make them highly susceptible to ____ but relatively ____
- damage
* easy to access
Most RV’s are constructed on a chassis with ____ and built more like ____ than highway vehicles.
- rigid frame
* mobile homes
Many extrication tools cannot ____ the materials used in construction of agricultural vehicles, so rescuers may need to ____.
- cut
* disassemble the. vehicles.
What are the two broad classes of off-road tractors?
- wheeled tractors
* tracked vehicles
Typical wheeled tractors have ____ rear wheels (normally up to ____) and ____ front wheels (normally up to ____) with ____ tires.
- large (50)
- smaller ( 38)
- rubber
All wheel drive tractors have heavy traction treads and because they are relatively light in weight and are often used to pull heavy loads, ____ are sometimes bolted to the wheels, or the tires are filled to approximately ____ with a solution of ____ or ____ and water to improve traction.
- large cast iron weights
- 90%
- calcium chloride
- ethylene glycol
Regardless of their configuration, all individual wheeled tractors tend to ____ that makes them more prone to ____ than other vehicles.
- have a high profile
* rolling over
Wheeled tractors relatively narrow track (horizontal distance from ____ to ____ inches between wheels on the same axle) and their high ground clearance make them susceptible to ____.
- 60 to 100 inches
* lateral rollovers.
OSHA requires that manufacturers equip all wheeled tractors manufactured after October 1976 with ____ and ____.
- seat belts
* roll bars
Because of the possibility of wheeled tractors front ends rotating around the rear axle and landing upside down while climbing a steep incline, manufacturers equip some wheeled tractor with up to ____ of cast iron weights attached to the front of the chassis.
1400 pounds
Tracked vehicles are generally ____ and ____ than most wheeled tractors.
- larger and heavier.
Tracked vehicles are ____ susceptible to rollover than wheeled vehicles.
less
Attachments are auxiliary appliances that are attached to the ____ of the tractor.
chassis
Examples of tractor attachments include:
- Front end loaders
- Back hoes
- Scraper blades
Implements are appliances that are ____ attached to and usually ____ or ____ by the tractor.
- temporarily
- towed
- carried
Examples of typical implements include:
- Planters
- Manure spreaders
- Chemical spraying rigs
- Hey rakes
- Balers
Disentanglement of farm augers when farm worker have extremities pulled into the machine most often involves ____.
disassembly of the drive chains, gears, or belts before entry.
When rescuers encounter hydraulic lines during tractor extrications, they first address ____
the end farthest from the victim.
Booms are some of the most versatile single purpose vehicles, they consist of a vehicle mounted boom that can telescope more than ____ and lift from ____ to ____ pounds.
- 40 feet
* 7000 to 10,000 pounds
When working around boom or cranes, personnel should be aware of ____. The vehicle may become ____ if it comes in contact with ____.
- overhead hazards
- electrically charged
- a power line
Forklifts can lift from ____ to ____
2,000 to 80,000 pounds!
Most forklifts have two broad lifting forks approximately ____ long, that can move ____ to adjust to the ____ of a particular load.
- 4 feet
- laterally
- width
The pair of vertical tracks that the forks travel on, on a forklift.
mast
Forklift masts can deflect from ____ from vertical to increase control of the load.
five to seven degrees
Forklifts with a four stage telescoping mast have a vertical lift range of up to ____
30 feet
Forklifts weigh anywhere from ____ to ____. The bulk of their weight is concentrated ____.
- 2000 to 36,000 pounds
* at the opposite end of the lifting mechanism to act as a counterweight.
Industrial and agricultural vehicles primarily have one of what two types of drivetrains?
- Two wheel drive
* All wheel drive
Regardless of which wheels provide locomotion on two wheeled industrial and agricultural vehicles, poor traction makes them prone to ____
rollovers.
Some forklifts and similar vehicles have ____ tires. These solid rubber tires look like pneumatic tires used on automobiles and light trucks. Rescuers can tell these tires apart by ____.
- cushion tires
* their lack of valve stems
Most industrial and agricultural vehicles do not have ____ brakes.
front
Brakes on industrial and agricultural vehicles can be operated ____ or ____ with a ____ mounted to the pedals.
- independently
* locked together
Using tractor brakes independently allows the operator to ____.
turn a tractor in a short distance.
Tracked vehicles use brakes for ____
steering
When working with tractors personnel should remember that shutting off the tractor engine does not always stop the ____ or ____ from operating.
- implement
* attachment
Some industrial equipment will require specialized tools beyond those rescue vehicles normally carry. Rescuers should consider ____ in such instances.
- using plant resources of local dealers for the tools and equipment they would need
Rescuers should always stop a running tractor engine. Rescuers should stabilize the vehicle to ensure that the engine ____, because even if the tractor engine is not running, ____ can start the engine.
- stays off
* movement of the rear wheels
____ is the best way to deal with rollovers of large modern tractor.
Lifting
A ____ or ____ may be needed to perform the lift of a rolled over tractor.
- second tractor
* tow truck
If a tractor must be rolled away from the victim, rescuers must use ____ to minimize settling of the lower side.
load capture
Lifting bags are more stable if they are stacked ____ with the cribbing.
alternately
Because of the unusually heavy weight of tractors, rescuers need to ____ or ____ to provide adequate support.
- build solid cribbing stacks
* use larger dimension lumber
Tractor roofs are part of the ____ system, therefore they are made of substantial material, usually ____, which can make entry through the roof a slow process.
- ROPS
* steel
Floor access in tractors is often ____
virtually impossible
When extricating a worker from a industrial or agricultural vehicle, or piece of machinery rescuers must ____
remove the machinery from around the victim.
When operating to extricate a victim from a rolled over tractor, cutting or removing any part of an intact ROPS system may cause ____.
the vehicle to fall
Unless it is deemed safe to do so by a subject matter expert, never ____ the machinery in an attempt to free the victim.
reverse
What are the two speeds commonly used with PTO shafts?
- 540 and 1000 rpm
Consist
Rail shipping paper that contains a list of cars in the train by order; indicates the cars that contain hazardous materials. Some railroads include information on emergency operations for the hazardous materials on board with the consist.
The most common types of locomotives are:
- Diesel and diesel/electric
- Electric
- Steam
Most of the locomotives in North America use ____ power.
a combination of diesel and electric
Diesel/electric locomotives cac weigh from ____ to ____ develop as much as ____ horsepower, and carry between ____ to ____ gallons of diesel fuel inside or under the locomotive.
- 130 to 175 tons
- 4250
- 1800 to 2200
Locomotives have a top speed of ____
125 mph
Catenary System
A series of overhead wires used to transmit electrical power to buses, locomotives, and trams at a distance from the energy supply point.
Electric locomotives operate with poser from a ____ to ____ volt AC catenary system, that is connected to the train by a roof mounted ____.
- 12,000 to 25,000
* pantograph
Electric locomotives weigh as much as ____, develop as much as ____ horsepower, and have a top speed of ____.
- 100 tons
- 7,000
- 150 mph
An electric third rail carries ____ volts DC current, and all but trained rail system personnel must avoid it.
600
Do not climb or walk on top of any locomotive or car in a ____ system.
catenary
Do not attempt to disconnect any ____ between rail cars and do not touch any ____ equipment.
- jumper cables
* electrical
Do not touch a ____ even if its not in contact with the overhead wire in a catenary system.
pantograph
Passenger coaches provide space for ____ to ____ passengers, are usually listed last in the ____, and some contain secondary controls that allow conductors to operate the train in reverse from the last car without turning the train around.
- 44 to 85
* consist
Material handling cars are essentially standard boxcars used for carrying ____
baggage and mail
All railroad passenger cars have end doors doors that either swing ____ or ____ to open.
- inward
* slide sideways
Lexan
Polycarbonate plastic used for windows; has one half the weight of an equivalent sized piece of glass, yet is 30 times stronger than safety glass and 250 times stronger than regular glass. It cannot be broken using standard forcible entry techniques.
Train manufacturers use what two types of window pane material?
- Lexan plastic
* Tempered glass
Each train passenger car has at least ____ window exits.
four
Train passenger car exit windows have double panes - the outer pane is either ____ or ____, but the inner pane is always ____
- Lexan or tempered glass
* Lexan
Most train passenger car floors are constructed of ____ panels that are attached to the tubular steel or aluminum framework.
ply-metal (plywood and metal, usually aluminum)
Railcars have exterior skins made of ____. Manufacturers place heavy duty framing members ____ inches on center in the walls, floors, and roof structure.
- 3/32 inch stainless steel
* 12 to 24 inches
Locomotive walls are made of ____ inch thick steel; the roof is made from ____ inch steel.
- 3/8 inch
* 1/8 inch
Railroad trucks are the assemblies to which a railcars ____ are attached. Trucks are constructed of ____ and can weigh up to ____. These assemblies are made up of the ____, ____, and ____.
- wheel axles
- cast steel
- 7 tons
- wheels, suspension, and braking system
On level rail tracks, ____ may be all rescuers need to do to stabilize a car.
applying the hand brake.
Railcar braking systems are operated by ____
air pressure up to 140 psi
Rescuers should not attempt to disconnect airlines prior to shutting off ____ at the knuckle end of a railcar.
air supply
All railcars are equipped with ____ volt electrical circuits charted by power from the locomotive, commonly called ____.
- 480
* head-end power
Only trained passenger rail system crew members can safely perform the following railcar electrical system actions:
- De-energize head-end power
- Lower locomotive pantographs
- Disengage third-rail shoes
- Ground electrical equipment when required
- Remove or instal power cables
Catenary poles
14 inch square steel H-sections weighing 84 pounds per foot, ranging in height from 70 to 170 feet. At the top of each pole is a ground wire located approximately 9 feet above the transmission conductors. The ground wire is a return for the propulsion current and protects the transmission line from lightning strikes. Approximately 3 feet down from the ground wire are the transmission cross arms, 18 feet across, and held level by sag rods. Below these cross arms are two transmission lines energized at 138,000 volts
Substations of a catenary system are spaced ____ miles apart.
8 to 10
Firefighters and other personnel should not enter catenary system substations unless ____
accompanied by qualified rail system employees.
Materials such as ____ that might be considered nonconductive at low voltages are not safe for use in close proximity to the high voltage wires in a catenary system.
- wood, rope, and clothing
Do not permit any metallic object within ____ feet of the 12,000 volt catenary system or the 6,900 volt signal power lines.
3 feet
Do not permit any metallic object within ____ feet of the 138,000 volt transmission lines.
8 feet
The electric third rail in a third rail system is located
slightly above and to the side of the two regular rails on which the train’s wheels run.
To shut off the fuel supply to the engine of a diesel locomotive push and hold the emergency fuel shutoff device for ____. The engine will stop running within about ____.
- 8 to 10 seconds
* one minute
During train incidents in areas not controlled with signals or dispatchers, the IC should place flare flaggers up to ____ away on either side of the incident
2 miles
If rescuers arrive on the scene of a electrical railcar incident and crew members have not isolated the power by bringing the pantograph down and grounding the locomotive to disconnect the overhead power supply, rescuers should ____
see that properly qualified personnel do it.
In the instance of a railcar derailment, normal cribbing will not have sufficient size or strength to stabilize a railcar or locomotive. If ____ are available on scene, they may be used as cribbing for stabilization.
railroad ties.
Unless affected by slope or similar environmental influences, a railcar on its side is ____.
stable
If a railcar is resting on its side on mud, snow, or unstable soil, rescue personnel must exercise caution, the car may ____.
suddenly roll back upright without warning.
When a railcar is resting on its roof rescuers should ____
secure the car with webbing, chains, or heavy ropes, before allowing personnel close enough to install cribbing along both sides.
Most locomotive cabs have ____ doors on each side, and some models have an additional door in the ____.
- two
* nose
To open almost all locomotive cab doors, ____
turn the door latch and push inward
Removing windshields on locomotives is ____
time consuming and labor intensive.
If rescuers cannot make entry through the windows or doors of a locomotive, they should use ____
the 1/8 inch steel roof as the next option.
Passenger coach power assisted end doors have power cut-out switches on ____, permitting door operation durning malfunctions and emergencies.
both sides of the door
Train passenger car side entry doors are automatically locked by an ____ that releases when the door handle is pulled, opening the latch.
- inflatable weather seal
If the seals do not deflate on passenger car side entry doors when the handle is pulled, rescuers should ____
- open the ceiling panel directly above the door on the public address system locker side, and open the door seal cut-out valve.
To identify emergency windows in a passenger rail car, ____
look for a plate with the removal instructions located next to each emergency exit window.
The construction of railroad passenger cars is similar to but much heavier than that used in ____.
the construction of buses.
Breaching the walls of a railroad passenger car will almost certainly require the use of ____
oxyacetylene cutting torches and/or exothermic cutting devices.
To open toilet door latches on railcars, rescuers should ____
insert a screwdriver or similar object into the oval opening in the slide bolt and move the bolt to the left.
To open the sleeping car intercommunicating door latches on railcars, rescuers should ____
- use the key
* use the slide mechanism on one side of the bedroom divider or the other
What are the two basic types of train/highway vehicle collision incidents?
- Train is derailed
* Train is not derailed
