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Perceptual Processes > Chapter 12-Sound localization and Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 12-Sound localization and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Define auditory space

A

We perceive objects and events to happen in positions depending solely on sound- very similar to how we perceive visual space

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2
Q

Define auditory localization

A

We can localize an objects position in space based on sound

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3
Q

What are the three dimensions used to identify sound localization?

A

Azimuth
Elevation
Distance

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4
Q

Define Azimuth

A

The horizontal meridian that is measured in degrees to assist in finding the distance between the listener and object
is used when turning your head- side to side motion

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5
Q

Define Elevation

A

The vertical meridian measured in degrees to assist in finding the distance between the listener and the object

is used by moving head up and down-> nodding

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6
Q

Distance

A

the difference in space between the listener and object

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7
Q

When is the azimuth and elevation equal to 0 degrees?

A

When the viewer is looking straight ahead

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8
Q

Where are humans best at localizing sound?

A

When the sound is directly in front of them

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9
Q

What is the primary receptor of sound?

A

The cochlea

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10
Q

What is the role of the cochlea?

A

to detect sound frequencies

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11
Q

What does the auditory system use to localize sound?

A

Location cues

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12
Q

What are location cues?

A

The auditory version of depth cues
are both binaural and monaural cues

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13
Q

What do Binaural cues detect?

A

Interaural time difference and interaural level differences

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14
Q

What do monaural cues detect?

A

Head and pinnae shape

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15
Q

What does ITD stand for?

A

Interaural Time Difference?

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16
Q

What is the interaural time difference when sound approaches from straight ahead of a person?

A

Because the sound will arrive at each ear at the same time the ITD will be 0

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17
Q

What is the interaural time difference when sound approaches from one side of a person?

A

Because it will take the sound longer to reach one ear than the other the ITD will be greater than 0

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18
Q

What is ITD referred to when there are continuous sounds?

A

Interaural phase difference

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19
Q

Why can we only detect phase differences in long wavelengths (lower frequencies) and not shorter wavelengths (higher pitch)

A

The wavelengths must be long enough to reach both ears

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20
Q

What does ILD stand for?

A

Interaural Level Difference

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21
Q

Define an acoustic shadow

A

the barrier our heads create to reduce the intensity of sounds reaching our far ear

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22
Q

When does the acoustic shadow not work?

A

When the soundwave is wider than the head- aprox. 1000-2000 hz

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23
Q

Which dimension relies on ITD and ILD

A

Azimuth

24
Q

Which frequencies does ITD rely on

A

low frequencies between 20-1000Hz

25
Q

Which binaural cue dominates?

A

Interaural time difference

25
Q

Which binaural cue dominates?

A

Interaural time difference

26
Q

Why is ITD used more than ILD

A

ITD is used more frequently because most sounds occur between 20 and 1000hz

27
Q

Are binaural cues useful for elevation?

A

no

28
Q

Why do we only need on pinae to make sense of monaural cues?

A

We only need one pinae to make sense of monaural cues because constructive and destructive interference aid us in finding the elevation of sound

29
Q

Which is associated with elevation; monaural or binaural cues?

A

Monaural cues are associated with elevation

30
Q

Interaction with what body parts change the characteristics of sound?

A

Head and pinae

31
Q

what is constructive and destructive interference dependent on?

A

the incoming angle of the soundwave relative to the head and pinnae

32
Q

why is it called the spectral cue

A

Depending on the position of the soundwave entering the ear the frequency will increase or decrease–> therefore the frequency lands on a spectrum

33
Q

Does the spectral cue affect the azimuth or the elevation?

A

elevation

34
Q

Who has broader ITD neurons? Barn owls, or gerbils?

A

Gerbils

35
Q

What is the order of structures in the central auditory processing system

A

Cochlear nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus

36
Q

What is an acronym for the central auditory processing system?

A

COCK SONIC MG–> a very fast car

37
Q

Where does binaural processing start?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

38
Q

Breakdown the acronym for the structures in the central auditory processing system

A

COCK–> Cochlear nucleus
SON–> Superior olivary nucleus
IC–> Inferior colliculus
MG–> Medial geniculate nucleus

39
Q

Identify where the ventral stream for the auditory system is in the brain

A

located in the anterior portion of the belt threads through the temporal and prefrontal cortex

40
Q

What is the function of the ventral stream in the auditory system

A

The ‘what’ stream
identifies sound

41
Q

Identify where the dorsal stream for the auditory system is in the brain

A

Originates at the posterior belt and is strung to the parietal and prefrontal cortices

42
Q

What is the function of the dorsal stream in the auditory system?

A

The where–> therefore finding where sound is coming from

43
Q

Describe cryoloop activation

A

Cooling areas of the brain to cause temporary inactivation- acts as a temporary lesion

44
Q

What is a key difference in the visual and auditory systems receptive fields?

A

Receptive field location is DIRECTED in vision, whereas in hearing the receptive field location is calculated.

45
Q

Define direct sounds

A

Sound waves directly coming from the source to your ear- more likely to experience indoors

46
Q

Define indirect sounds

A

Sound Waves bouncing off objects between the source and your ear- more likely to experience outside

47
Q

What is the precedence effect?

A

Our ability to locate sounds is not affected by indirect sounds. However, indirect sounds will affect our perception of sound quality

48
Q

Define echo threshold

A

When there is a delay between direct and indirect sound we will hear an echo

49
Q

What affects echo threshold?

A

when lag sound is quieter than the lead sound and sounds with longer durations such as speech and music

50
Q

What is our perception of sound based on?

A

sound produced at the source
How sounds are reflected before they reach our ears

51
Q

What field is concerned with the study of how sounds are reflected in rooms and the practical application for auditory psychophysics?

A

Architectural acoustics

52
Q

What do acoustic engineers do?

A

design concert halls that have favorable acoustical properties compared to a subset of subjective prototypes

53
Q

What effect does absorption have on sound waves?

A

Lots of absorption=few reflected soundwaves and little indirect sound

Little absorption=MANY reflected sound waves and lots of indirect sound

54
Q

What effect does the design of the room have on soundwaves?

A

Room size affects the time it takes indirect sounds to reach the listener

Room shape affects the direction reflected sound waves will be sent

Perceptual Processes (5 decks)

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