Chapter 12: Motor control and learning theories Flashcards
what is the definition of motor control
organisation of control of the motor apparatus
what are the motor control theories
reflex theory systems theory motor programming theory task-oriented approach hierarchical theory
what is the reflex theory?
give its implications and limitations
Movement is controlled by stimulus response
implications
- using sensory output to control reflex
- able to stimulate good reflexes
- able to remove undesirable and primitive reflexes
limitations
- voluntary and spontaneous movements exist too
- movements can occur in the absence of sensory stimuli
what is the systems theory
give its implications and limitations
muscles work in synergies, how the external and internal forces affect the body’s movement
implications
- considers how impairments to the MSK and NS contribute to overall loss of motor control
limitations
- does not take into account the external environment
what is the motor programming theory
give its implications and limitations
central motor patterns can be activated by sensory stimuli
implications
- helps patient to re-learn a motor task
- removes compensatory behaviours
- muscles reeducated not in isolation (together as a system)
limitations
- Does not take into account that NS must deal with both MSK and environmental variables in achieving motor control
what is the hierarchical theory
give its implications and limitations
muscle actions are controlled in a top down manner
reflexive movements are dominant after an injury to the CNS
implications
- Explains disordered motor control in patients with neurological disorders
- When influence of higher centres is temporarily or permanently interfered with, normal reflexes become exaggerated and pathological reflexes appear (eg Babinski reflex in adults)
- Reduced hyperactive stretch
- Normalise tone (early bobath concept)
limitations
- Cannot explain the dominance of reflex behaviour in certain situations
- All reflex behaviours are primitive and non-adaptive while higher levels of control are mature, adaptive and appropriate
what is the task-oriented approach
give its implications and limitations
Normal movement emerges as interaction with many different systems
Movement organised around behavioural goals with environmental constraints
implications
- Focuses on identifiable, functional tasks
- Practice under varying conditions
- Modifying environmental contexts
- Focus on learning a variety of ways to solve the task rather than one single muscle activation patterns
what is motor performance
behavioural act of performing a skill at a specific time, at a specific situation
What is motor learning
a set of process associated with practice/experience, a relatively permanent change in the capability to producing skilled action
what are the types of long term memories
declarative (explicit)
non-declarative (implicit)
- associative (operant/classical): emotional response (amygdala) or skeletal musculature (premotor cortex, cerebellum)
- non associative (habituation/sensitization): reflex pathway
- procedural (habits/skills): striatum or other motor cortex
what are the types of long term memories
declarative (explicit)
non-declarative (implicit)
- associative (operant/classical): emotional response (amygdala) or skeletal musculature (premotor cortex, cerebellum)
- non associative (habituation/sensitization): reflex pathway
- procedural (habits and skills) - striatum and other motor areas
what are the traits and strategies used in the early cognitive stage
traits
- large number of errors
- attention to small details
- unable to screen out irrelevant information
- slow movements, inconsistent and inefficient
strategies
- use of repeated practice
- use of demonstrations
- ask learners to evaluate performance
- use mental practice
- complex task: practice in parts then integrate in whole task
what are the traits and strategies used in the autonomous stage
Traits
- movements are accurate, consistent and efficient
- continues to refine motor responses
- movements are error free
- minimal level of cognitive monitoring
Strategies
- demonstrate self evaluation and decision making skills
- provide occasional feedback
- consistency of performance in variable environments
- focus is on greater range of movement , speed, acceleration and use of skill in novel situation
what are the traits and strategies used in the autonomous stage
Traits
- movements are accurate, consistent and efficient
- continues to refine motor responses
- movements are error free
- minimal level of cognitive monitoring
Strategies
- demonstrate self evaluation and decision making skills
- provide occasional feedback
- consistency of performance in variable environments
- focus is on greater range of movement , speed, acceleration and use of skill in novel situtaion
types of covert practices
observation mental practice (imagery)
