Chapter 12: Learning and Memory

Question 1

Learning to recognize a particular stimulus

Answer 1

Perceptual Learning

Question 2

Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning

Answer 2

Stimulus-response learning

Question 3

A learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response

Question 5

Unconditional response

Answer 5

a defensive or appetitive response

Question 6

The hypothesis proposed that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires

Answer 6

Hebb Rule

Question 7

Learning to make a new response

Answer 7

Motor Learning

Question 8

Learning the relationship of individual stimulus

Answer 8

Relational Learning

Question 9

A long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input.

Answer 9

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Question 10

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

Answer 10

Hippocampal Formation

Question 11

An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons

Answer 11

Population EPSP

Question 12

A LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones

Answer 12

Associative LTP

Question 13

A specialized glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in LTP

Answer 13

NMDA receptor

Question 14

An action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells

Answer 14

Dendritic Spike

Question 15

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when opens, it produces EPSPs

Answer 15

AMPA receptor

Question 16

Type II calcium-calmodium kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of LTP

Answer 16

CAM-KII

Question 17

An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide

Answer 17

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Question 18

A long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.

Answer 18

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

Question 19

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 19

Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain

Question 20

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 20

Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain

Question 21

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 21

Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism

Question 22

The reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 22

Confabulation

Question 23

Consolidation

Answer 23

The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories

Question 24

Declarative memory

Answer 24

Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past

Question 25

Nondeclarative Memory

Answer 25

Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor learning

Question 26

Perirhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex

Answer 26

A regions of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that relay information between the entrorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain

Question 27

Episodic Memory

Answer 27

Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context

Question 28

Semantic Memory

Answer 28

Memory of facts and general information

Question 29

reconsolidation

Answer 29

a process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus