Chapter 12: Learning and Memory Flashcards
Learning to recognize a particular stimulus
Perceptual Learning
Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning
Stimulus-response learning
A learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response
Unconditional response
a defensive or appetitive response
The hypothesis proposed that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires
Hebb Rule
Learning to make a new response
Motor Learning
Learning the relationship of individual stimulus
Relational Learning
A long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum.
Hippocampal Formation
An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons
Population EPSP
A LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones
Associative LTP
A specialized glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in LTP
NMDA receptor
An action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells
Dendritic Spike
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when opens, it produces EPSPs
AMPA receptor
Type II calcium-calmodium kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of LTP
CAM-KII
An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase
A long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.
Long-Term Depression (LTD)
Anterograde Amnesia
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain
Retrograde Amnesia
Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism
The reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome
Confabulation
Consolidation
The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories
Declarative memory
Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past
Nondeclarative Memory
Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor learning
Perirhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex
A regions of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that relay information between the entrorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain
Episodic Memory
Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context
Semantic Memory
Memory of facts and general information
reconsolidation
a process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus
