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Endo Final > Chapter 12- Kidneys, Adrenals, Pancreas > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Kidneys, Adrenals, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

The hormones:

  • 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
  • Erythropoietin
  • Renin

are all produced by the __________

A

kidney

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2
Q

ADH, RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN, PTH, and ALDOSTERONE are all important for __________ function

A

renal (kidney)

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3
Q

ADH (VASOPRESSIN) regulates the amount of __________ excreted by the __________

A

water

kidneys

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4
Q

ADH released from the pituitary monitors the amount volume of __________ going through the HYPOTHALAMUS, or monitoring the concentration of __________ in the BLOOD

A

blood

water

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5
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from which part of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa

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6
Q

__________ are the primary target of ALDOSTERONE

A

kidneys

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7
Q

Aldosterone is important for absorption of __________ (2)

A

sodium

water

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8
Q

Aldosterone is important in the regulation of __________ (3) in the PLASMA

A

sodium
potassium
electrolytes

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9
Q

The __________ system regulates BP and FLUID BALANCE

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS)

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10
Q

If there is a LOSS of blood volume or BP, the __________ in the __________ sense the drop in BP or blood volume

A

baroreceptors

carotid sinus

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11
Q

The __________ cells release RENIN

A

juxtaglomerular

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12
Q

The __________ cells signal the JUXTAGLOMERULAR cells to release RENIN

A

macula densa (cells)

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13
Q

MACULA DENSA cells sense a decrease in BP, this causes a decrease in __________

A

glomerular filtration rate (GRF)

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14
Q

Elevated __________ ions stimulates the renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells

A

sodium chloride ions

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15
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causes __________ of the plasma

A

osmolarity

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16
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys release __________ into circulation

A

renin

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17
Q

In the RAAS system, plasma renin activates the conversion of __________ from the liver to __________

A

angiotensinogen

angitensin I

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18
Q

In the RAAS system, angiotensinogen from the liver, to angiotensin I is converted to __________

A

angiotensin II

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19
Q

What converts angiotensionogen and angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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20
Q

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the __________

A

lungs

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21
Q

__________ causes BVs to CONSTRICT in the RAAS system

A

angitensin II

22
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of __________ from the __________ in the RAAS system

A

aldosterone

adrenal cortex

23
Q

____________ increases reabsorption of SODIUM and WATER increasing BP and fluid volume

A

Aldosterone

24
Q

Name the ORGANS, in ORDER involved in the RAAS system

A

Kidney –> Liver –> Lungs –> Adrenal

25
Q

The RAAS system increases filtration of the glomerular system, which brings __________ up to normal

A

BP

26
Q

PTH works with the KIDNEY to regulate __________ (2)

A

calcium

phosphate

27
Q

The RAAS system stimulates the release of __________

A

norepinephrine

28
Q

When norepinephrine is released by the RAAS system, it increases __________ of the BVs, which INCREASES __________ when pressure is low

A

vasoconstriction

BP

29
Q

Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) synthesized?

A

atrium of the heart

30
Q

ANP stimulates renal excretion of SODIUM by DECREASING secretion of __________

A

angiotensin II

31
Q

What is the PRIMARY function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/Arginine Vasopressin?

A

increase renal reabsorption of water

32
Q

__________ is the decreased output of ADH.

A

Central diabetes insipidus

33
Q

Central diabetes insipidus causes excessive __________ (2)

A 
urine output (polyuria)
thirst
34
Q

Central diabetes insipidus causes INCREASED __________ after compensation

A

aldosterone

35
Q

Why does Central Diabetes Insipidus cause increased aldosterone after compensation?

A

BP drops and the body tries to restore it to normal

36
Q

Polyuria, dilute urine, HYPOtension, and increased plasma concentration are all characteristics of __________ (2)

A

central diabetes insipidus

nephrogic diabetes insipidus

37
Q

__________ is characterized by abnormalities of the kidneys

A

nephrogenic diabets insipidus

38
Q

Nephrogenic diabtes insipidus causes DECREASED sensitivity to, and INCREASED secretion of __________

A

ADH

39
Q

__________ is excessive release of ADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

40
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion is FLUID OVERLOAD in patients and is CAUSED BY __________ (3)

A

strokes
head trauma
brain tumors

41
Q

Which hormones are released from the PANCREAS? (2)

A

insulin

glucagon

42
Q

What is the LOCATION of insulin?

A

beta cells of the pancreas

43
Q

What is the site of synthesis for GLUCAGON?

A

alpha cells-islets of langerhans

44
Q

What is the PRIMARY function of the Pancreas?

A

increase blood glucose

45
Q

What is the SECONDARY function of the Pancreas?

A

decrease plasma calcium

46
Q

Which type of diabetes is known as “INSULIN DEPENDENT” diabetes and “JUVENILE ONSET” diabetes

A

type I diabetes

47
Q

In Type I Diabetes, antibodies attack the __________

A

pancreas (beta cells)

48
Q

In Type I Diabetes, the Pancreas in INCAPABLE of making __________

A

insulin

49
Q

In which type of diabetes will the patient NEED INSULIN FOR LIFE?

A

Type I diabetes

50
Q

Which type of diabetes is known as “NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT” diabetes or “ADULT ONSET” diabetes?

A

Type II diabetes

51
Q

In __________ diabetes, the patients CAN STILL MAKE INSULIN

A

Type II (diabetes)

52
Q

In __________ diabetes, the body LACKS SENSITIVITY TO INSULIN

A

Type II (diabetes)

Endo Final (4 decks)

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