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General Biology > Chapter 12- Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene expression

A

Process by which the info in a gene is used to make RNA and/or proteins

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Process of taking info from DNA and copying it into an RNA molecule

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3
Q

RNA processing

A

When a RNA molecule can be further processed after synthesis

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4
Q

Translation

A

Process of taking info in RNA molecule and using it to guide protein synthesis

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5
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Carries directions for protein synthesis

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6
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Amino acid carriers

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7
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA. Important part of ribosomes

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8
Q

Gene

A

Specific segment of DNA that codes for some final functional product. Made of specific nucleotides

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9
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Genes that code for mRNA, eventually used to guide protein synthesis

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10
Q

Non structural function of RNA

A

Genes that code for rRNA and rRNA. RNA is the final product

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11
Q

Promoter

A

Spot where RNA synthesis enzymes (RNA polymerase) binds to the gene

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12
Q

Transcribed sequence

A

The actual into/nucleotide sequence that is used to make RNA molecule

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13
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence that signals the end of transcription

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14
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

Where regulatory sequence binds: increases or decreases rate of transcription

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15
Q

Transcription initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, unwinds, unzips just at that spot

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16
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins, to help RNA polymerase set up at a specific promoter

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17
Q

Transcription elongation

A

Transcription factors are released, RNA polymerase reads strand while recruiting complementary nucleotides, DNA rezips after RNA protein leaves

18
Q

Transcription termination

A

Termination sequence is reached, RNA transcript is released, RNA leaves DNA template strand

19
Q

Intron

A

Regions of pre-mRNA not used to guide protein synthesis

20
Q

Exon

A

Regions of mRNA that are used to guide protein synthesis

21
Q

Splicing

A

Introns are spliced out, exons are sealed together

22
Q

Capping

A

Modified G nucleotide added to 5 end of mRNA, helps with recognition of a ribosome of mRNA in translation

23
Q

Tailing

A

String of A nucleotides, help protect pieces of mRNA from premature degradation

24
Q

Genetic code

A

The relationship between a specific nucleotide sequence to the specific amino acid sequence in a resulting polypeptide

25
Q

Codon

A

3 adjacent nucleotide bases

26
Q

Start codon

A

AUG, starts protein synthesis

27
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA. All interact with release factors

28
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary to a codon of mRNA

29
Q

Charged rRNA

A

One that has an amino acid attached

30
Q

4 components of translations

A

rRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, translation factors

31
Q

Ribosomes function in translation

A

Facilitate the formation of peptide bonds, facilitate different interactions between a mRNA and tRNA

32
Q

Structure of ribosomes in translation

A

Made of protein and rRNA. Has a large and small subunit with A,E,P sites

33
Q

Translation initiation

A

Small unit binds to mRNA at 5 end then reads to start codon, start is put in P site, tRNA met enters P site, binds to start codon. Large subunit binds

34
Q

Translation elongation

A

Charged tRNA with help of elongation factors enter A site, ribosome facilitates a peptide bond between aminoacids in P site and A site. Pulled through the sites empty RNA leaves E site and protein is being formed in P site

35
Q

Translation termination

A

A stop codon is reached in A site, a release factor enters the A site, release factor then promotes dissociation and releases

36
Q

Aminoacyl synthetase

A

The A site where new tRNA show up

37
Q

Translocation

A

How the amino acids move through the sites in translation

38
Q

Splicesome

A

Removes introns and seals exons

39
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Can splice mRNA so that different exons are in the mature mRNA

40
Q

Posttranscriptional modifications

A

Turning pre mRNA into mature mRNA using introns and exons

General Biology (4 decks)

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