Chapter 12- Gene Expression

Question 1

Gene expression

Answer 1

Process by which the info in a gene is used to make RNA and/or proteins

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

Process of taking info from DNA and copying it into an RNA molecule

Question 3

RNA processing

Answer 3

When a RNA molecule can be further processed after synthesis

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

Process of taking info in RNA molecule and using it to guide protein synthesis

Question 5

mRNA

Answer 5

Messenger RNA. Carries directions for protein synthesis

Question 6

tRNA

Answer 6

Transfer RNA. Amino acid carriers

Question 7

rRNA

Answer 7

Ribosomal RNA. Important part of ribosomes

Question 8

Gene

Answer 8

Specific segment of DNA that codes for some final functional product. Made of specific nucleotides

Question 9

Structure of RNA

Answer 9

Genes that code for mRNA, eventually used to guide protein synthesis

Question 10

Non structural function of RNA

Answer 10

Genes that code for rRNA and rRNA. RNA is the final product

Question 11

Promoter

Answer 11

Spot where RNA synthesis enzymes (RNA polymerase) binds to the gene

Question 12

Transcribed sequence

Answer 12

The actual into/nucleotide sequence that is used to make RNA molecule

Question 13

Terminator

Answer 13

Sequence that signals the end of transcription

Question 14

Regulatory sequence

Answer 14

Where regulatory sequence binds: increases or decreases rate of transcription

Question 15

Transcription initiation

Answer 15

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, unwinds, unzips just at that spot

Question 16

Transcription factors

Answer 16

Proteins, to help RNA polymerase set up at a specific promoter

Question 17

Transcription elongation

Answer 17

Transcription factors are released, RNA polymerase reads strand while recruiting complementary nucleotides, DNA rezips after RNA protein leaves

Question 18

Transcription termination

Answer 18

Termination sequence is reached, RNA transcript is released, RNA leaves DNA template strand

Question 19

Intron

Answer 19

Regions of pre-mRNA not used to guide protein synthesis

Question 20

Exon

Answer 20

Regions of mRNA that are used to guide protein synthesis

Question 21

Splicing

Answer 21

Introns are spliced out, exons are sealed together

Question 22

Capping

Answer 22

Modified G nucleotide added to 5 end of mRNA, helps with recognition of a ribosome of mRNA in translation

Question 23

Tailing

Answer 23

String of A nucleotides, help protect pieces of mRNA from premature degradation

Question 24

Genetic code

Answer 24

The relationship between a specific nucleotide sequence to the specific amino acid sequence in a resulting polypeptide

Question 25

Codon

Answer 25

3 adjacent nucleotide bases

Question 26

Start codon

Answer 26

AUG, starts protein synthesis

Question 27

Stop codons

Answer 27

UAA, UAG, UGA. All interact with release factors

Question 28

Anticodon

Answer 28

Complementary to a codon of mRNA

Question 29

Charged rRNA

Answer 29

One that has an amino acid attached

Question 30

4 components of translations

Answer 30

rRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, translation factors

Question 31

Ribosomes function in translation

Answer 31

Facilitate the formation of peptide bonds, facilitate different interactions between a mRNA and tRNA

Question 32

Structure of ribosomes in translation

Answer 32

Made of protein and rRNA. Has a large and small subunit with A,E,P sites

Question 33

Translation initiation

Answer 33

Small unit binds to mRNA at 5 end then reads to start codon, start is put in P site, tRNA met enters P site, binds to start codon. Large subunit binds

Question 34

Translation elongation

Answer 34

Charged tRNA with help of elongation factors enter A site, ribosome facilitates a peptide bond between aminoacids in P site and A site. Pulled through the sites empty RNA leaves E site and protein is being formed in P site

Question 35

Translation termination

Answer 35

A stop codon is reached in A site, a release factor enters the A site, release factor then promotes dissociation and releases

Question 36

Aminoacyl synthetase

Answer 36

The A site where new tRNA show up

Question 37

Translocation

Answer 37

How the amino acids move through the sites in translation

Question 38

Splicesome

Answer 38

Removes introns and seals exons

Question 39

Alternative splicing

Answer 39

Can splice mRNA so that different exons are in the mature mRNA

Question 40

Posttranscriptional modifications

Answer 40

Turning pre mRNA into mature mRNA using introns and exons