Chapter 12: gender and sexuality

Question 1

Gender binary

Answer 1

The classification of gender into 2 categories: male and female.

Question 2

Acculturation

Answer 2

The proces of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture.

Question 3

Asian Americans

Answer 3

Contradicts the importance of family and collectivism. There is often no conflict between Asian American gender roles and modern Anglo cultures, which increasingly prizes independence and assertiveness in women.
But there still are many harmful sexual stereotypes:
- Asian men are often seen as asexual.
- Asian women are often seen as exotic sex toys.

Question 4

Native Americans

Answer 4

Were quite egalitarian about gender roles, but shifted to male dominance. Marriage is only aloud between a male and a female and there is a thirst gender: a manly hearted woman who is exceptionally independent and aggressive.

Question 5

Gender socialisation

Answer 5

The ways in which society conveys its norms and expectations of someones behaviour. Is conveyed through parents, the media and peers.

Question 6

The effects of culture on sexuality

Answer 6

• The double standard: the same behaviour is viewed differently in men and women.
• Gender roles vary per culture.
• Marital and family roles: the women often being the caregiver.
• Body image issues.

Question 7

Gender differences

Answer 7

Men reach their sexual peak around 19 and women around 35. Men often start with a genital focus on sex, later the urgency of sex drive declines and it becomes more focused on emotions and sensuality. In women they start with a less sexual focus and less frequent orgasms. Later the sexual awakening occurs and there is more frequent sex and a more intense sexual response.

Question 8

Gender dysphoria

Answer 8

Psychological distress about a person’s gender identity and natal gender. Often starts during childhood, but late-onset gender dysphoria starts during adulthood.

Question 9

Hormone therapy (during puberty)

Answer 9

To suppress the puberty and makes later gender-confirmation surgery easier. Is reversible.

Question 10

Hormone therapy for feminisation of masculinisation

Answer 10

Is only partly reversible. Causes more hair grow and less body fat in trans boys and less hair grow, more body fat and breast grown in trans girls.

Question 11

Genital surgery for men

Answer 11

• Can involve removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.
• Metoidioplasty: a penis created by the clitoris.
• Phalloplasty: a penis created by skin from the forearm.
• Insertion of artificial testes.

Question 12

Genital surgery

Answer 12

Can only be chosen by a mature adolescent and when he/she has lived as her gender identity for at least 12 months.

Question 13

Genital surgery for women

Answer 13

• Removal of the penis.
• Removal of the testes.
• Creation of the vagina, vulva and clitoris form the skin of the penis.

Question 14

Causes of gender variance

Answer 14

• Prenatal factors
• Differences in the limbic system
• Differences in brain regions
• Genes