Chapter 12 for exam II Flashcards
What cancer causes the most cancer related deaths in males and females?
lung cancer
What is an acinus?
found distal to terminal bronchiole
berry shaped, contain alveolar duct –> alveolar sac –> alveolus
What is the major pneumocyte found on the alveolar surface?
What is the major pneumocyte found in surfactant?
type I makes up 95% of alveolar surface
Type II is in surfactant
What is atelectasis? what happens to the blood?
Atelectasis is a collapsed lung– failure to expand
decrease in oxygenated blood is shunted, hypoxemia to hypoxia
What are the categories of atelectasis?
resorption
compression
contraction
Details about resorption atelectasis?
airway obstruction that prevents air from reaching distal airways
MC: mucopurulent plug: bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis
single lobe or entire lung
Details about compression atelectasis
aka passive atelectasis
pleural cavity fills with serous fluid, blood, air
CHF is the MC cause
may follow pleural effusion
pneumothorax: air accumulation around lungs
Details about contraction atelectasis
aka cicatrization atelectasis
Scarring of the lungs (interstitial fibrosis, pleural fibrosis)
decreased inhalation– decreased expansion/distention, limits alveolar opening = collapse
Recovery is limited
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?
severe trauma or infection causes diffuse alveolar damage & bilateral vascular and epithelial damage
with ARDS, what leads to hypoxia?
inflammation prevents gas exhange which leads to hypoxemia then hypoxia
obstructive pulmonary diseases
airflow resistance
decreased expiratory flow rate = wheezing
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma
restrictive pulmonary diseases
decreases lung expansion: chest wall disorders (pleura, NMS) & Intersititial lung diseases (fibrosis)
decreased forced vital capacity, normal expiration
What is emphysema?
permanent pulmonary destruction– destruction of alveolar septa and enlarged acini
is there fibrosis found with emphysema?
No!!
What accumulates with emphysema?
inflammatory cells: increase in proteases and ROS, decrease in anti-protease
What are they types of emphysema?
Centriacinar/centrilobar
panacinar/panlobular
details about centriacinar emphysema
20x MC than panacinar
destroys central acini
spares distal lobule
MC in lung apices
risk: chronic smokers
details about panacinar emphysema
acini are uniformly affected/destroyed
MC in lower lungs
risk: alpha-antitrypsin deficiency = increased protease activity
smoking accelerates destruction
Smoking contributes to emphysema in what way?
ROS from the smoke and from the WBC’s brought by the inflammation
‘pink puffer’ refers to…
emphysema
symptoms of emphysema
progressive dyspnea (forced expiration)
cough
hyperventilation
wheezing
weight loss
emphysema is: obstructive or restrictive?
obstructive because there’s wheezing
what is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis?
hypersecretion of mucus
in trachea and bronchi
hypertrophy/hyperplasia of mucous glands
who is most at risk for chronic bronchitis?
males
25% are between 40-65











