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Biological Psychology 402 > Chapter 12 Emotional Behaviours > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Emotional Behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

A

Serotonins main metabolite

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2
Q

Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

chemical released from the anterior pituitary gland, which enhances metabolic activity and elevates blood levels of sugar

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3
Q

Antibodies

A

Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens

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4
Q

Antigens

A

Antigens

surface proteins on a cell that identify the cell as your own

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5
Q

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

A

a set of neurons that connect to the amygdala

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6
Q

Behavioural activation system BAS

A

left brain hemispheric activity marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach, which could characterize either happiness or anger

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7
Q

Behavioural inhibition system BIS

A

right brain hemispheric activity, which increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust

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8
Q

Behavioural medicine

A

field that includes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors on health

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9
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

anti-anxiety drugs

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10
Q

Cortisol

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that elevates blood sugar and enhances metabolism

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11
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins that combat infections and communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors

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12
Q

GABAA

A

receptor complex structure that includes a site that binds GABA as well as sites that modify the sensitivity of the GABA site

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13
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A generalized response to stress

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14
Q

HPA axis

A

the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

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15
Q

Immune system

A

Immune system

structures that protect the body against viruses, bacteria, and other intruders

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16
Q

James Lange theory

A

proposal that an event first provokes the autonomic arousal and skeletal responses and that the feeling aspect of emotion is the perception of those responses

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17
Q

What is an operational definition? What can we infer about robots that show emotional behaviour, according to an operational definition?

A

emotional behaviours which are observable.

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18
Q

What is absence seizures? Do people with absence seizures experience emotions during the seizure? What does this imply about consciousness and emotion?

A

An absence siezure causes you to blank out or stare into space for a few seconds.
??

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19
Q

Name the three cortical areas that respond to emotional stimuli.

A
  1. Limbic system (forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus) is critical for emotions. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
    Much of the cerebral cortex also reacts to emotions.
    2 and 3. Frontal and temporal codices are also important for emotions
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20
Q

Describe the behaviour of people with damage to the prefrontal cortex.

A

Damage to the prefrontal cortex blunts peoples emotions in most regard and impairs decision making.

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21
Q

What are the tones of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for a brief vigorous fight or flight responses.
Parasympathetic: increase digestion and other processes that save energy and prepare for later events.

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22
Q

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotions.

A

The autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first.
Frightening situation -> running away (increased heart rate etc. => FEAR
EVENT => appraisal (the cognitive aspect)
=> action=> emotional feeling.

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23
Q

Is physiological arousal necessary for emotions? What is the implication of the very rapid response of the prefrontal cortex to emotional stimuli?

A

emotions do not require feedback from muscle movement.

People with damage to prefrontal cortex had weak autonomic responses but normal subjective responses.

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24
Q

describe panic disorder

A

marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal

Rapid breathing- people worry they are suffocating.

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25
Q

List the limbic system structures implicated in emotional responses.

A

*Amygdala
*Cingulate gyrus
anterior thalamic nuclei
septal nuclei
*olfactory bulb
maxillary bodies
*hippocampus
*hypothalamus
parahippocampal gyrus

Function: critical for emotions and motivations

26
Q

Describe the effects of damage to or inactivation of the cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex and the insular cortex.

A

Inactivating the prefrontal cortex = decisions that are impulsive and they make poor choices. (e.g. Phineas Gage)
Insular cortex or insula is strongly activated if you see a disgusting picture.
If you inactivate the cingulate cortex = blocks the expression of remote but not recent memory.

27
Q

What are the roles of the right and left hemispheres in the detection and expression of emotion?

A

people with greater activity in the frontal cortex of the left hemisphere tend to be happier more outgoing and more fun loving.
People with greater right hemisphere activity tend to be socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life and prone to unpleasant emotions. Right hemisphere more responsive to emotional stimuli than left.

28
Q

12.3

what is the main assumption of behavioural medicine? What is a psychosomatic illness?

A

Behavoiural medicine emphasizes the effects on health of diet smoking exercise, stressful experiences and other behaviours.

29
Q

12.3

What was Hans Selye’s definition of stress?

A
  • nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
  • general adaptation syndrome: initial stage he called alarm is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system redoing the body for a brief emergency activity
  • 2nd stage: resistance- sympathetic system decreases but the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones
  • 3rd stage: exhaustion-person tired, inactive and vunerable.
30
Q

Describe the steps in the control of cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

A

HPA axis: hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
activation of the hypothalamus induces the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone which in turn stimulates adrenal cortex to secret cortisol .
Compared to autonomic nervous system the HPA axis reacts more slowly but becomes the dominant response to prolonged stressors.

31
Q

What are the most important cells of the immune system? Where are these cells produced ?

A

Leukocytes-WBCs
Created in the bone marrow
B cells T cells NK cells all part of the immune system.

32
Q

What are antigens? how was the name “antigen” derived?

A

Surgace proteins
name derived from “antibody generator molecules
antibodies-Y shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of Ag’s

33
Q

What are the roles of B cells and T cells?

A

B cells recognize self antigens but when they find unfamiliar ag’s they attack the cell
Defends body against viruses and bacteria
T cells attack intruders directly without secreting Ab’s

34
Q

What is the role of macrophages? Of natural killer cells?

A

NK cells attack tumour cells and cells that are infected with viruses.
Macrophages are a type of phagocyte that is responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells.

35
Q

In what way does the body react to temporary stressors similarly to illnesses?

A

leukocytes produce cytokines that combat infection and also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviours
Cytokines trigger the hypothalamus to produce a fever, sleepiness, lack of energy etc.
Immune system also produces prostaglandins in response to infection which also promotes sleepiness

36
Q

What is the effect of short-term stress on the immune system?

A

nervous system activates the immune system to increase its production of natural killer cells and the secretion of cytokines.

37
Q

Describe the evidence suggesting that long-term stress impairs the function of the immune system

A

prolonged stress increases the cortisol for a prolonged period of time which directs energy from synthesizing proteins including those of the immune system => decreased B cells and T cells and NK cells
-prolonged stress can also damage hippocampus
kills its neurons which leads to decline in memory

38
Q

What are cortisol’s major effects on blood sugar and metabolism? How does this affect the immunes system?

A

increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism and detracts energy from synthesizing proteins including the proteins of the immune system.
therefore decrease in B and T cells and NK cells

39
Q

Describe the vicious cycle that develops with high cortisol levels and the hippocampus

A

prolonged stress damages neurons in the hippocampus because prolonged stress releases cortisol and cortisol enhances metabolic activity throughout the body. When the metabolic activity is high in the hippocampus its cells become more vulnerable. Toxins or overstimulation are then more likely than usual to damage or kill neurons.

40
Q

What are symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder?

A

frequent distressing flashbacks and nightmares
avoidance of reminders of it
vigourous reactions to noises and other stimuli.

41
Q

Is the hippocampus of people who suffer from PTSD likely to be larger r smaller than average? What cam be inferred about cause and effect in this relationship? what may we infer about the relationship of low cortisol levels and vulnerablitity to PTSD?

A

smaller hippocampus. but their cortisol levels were lower than normal both immediately after the traumatic event and weeks later
Perhaps people with decreased cortisol levels are ill equipped to combat stress and therefore are more vulnerable to PTSD

42
Q

What is one explanation of cat’s “play” behaviour with its prey?

A

compromise between attack and escape
Prey faces away-cat approaches
Prey turns around and bares his/her teeth- cat bats at it defensively

43
Q

What environmental risk factor is compounded with complications during pregnancy in determining predisposition toward violence?

A

need a troubled early environment as well as a genetic predisposition.
enzyme MOA- monoamine oxidase A- an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.
the effects of this gene interacts with childhood experiences rather than due to amount of MAO people have.
People mistreated in childhood with this are increased antisocial.

44
Q

How strong is the correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour? By what psychological effect may testosterone promote aggression?

A

men who commit the most violent crimes have higher testosterone however the effects are lower than many people believe
Testosterone increased and cortisol decreased=more aggression
increased cortisol and increased serotonin=decreased action on aggressive behaviours

45
Q

What transmitter abnormality appears to be associated with aggressive behaviour? How can it be measured?

A

5-hydroxyindoacetic acid (5-HIAA) serotonins main metabolite.
Measure in CSF best but blood and urine measurements are simpler but less accurate.
Increased 5HIAA=>increased serotonin released.

46
Q

Describe the experimental evidence in mice for this relationship (attack and escape behaviour)

A

mice in social isolation = decreased serotonin turnover

47
Q

How was serotonin turnover related to behaviour in make monkeys in a natural-environment study?

A

most monkeys with low serotonin levels (i.e. more aggressive) usually die young however the ones that do survive achieve higher status and pass on their genes.

48
Q

What evidence implicates low serotonin turnover in humans as a factor in aggressive behaviour?

A

people convicted of violent crimes => increased serotonin
follow up studies on people released from prison have found ones with decreased serotonin turnover have a greater probability of further convictions

49
Q

what dietary factors influence serotonin synthesis?

A

neurons synthesize serotonin from tryptophan an amino acid found in small amounts in proteins.
increased consumption of tryptophan or decreased consumption of portents high in phenylalanine and the other large amino acids that compete with tryptophan for entry into the brain.

50
Q

Why should researchers be interested in the startle response?
(Escape, fear, and anxiety)

A

startle reflex is the response to an unexpected loud noise.
auditory information goes to the cochlear nucleus in the medulla and from there directly to the pons that commands tensing the muscles esp. the neck muscles.

51
Q

What is a key brain area for meaner fears? What kinds of sensory input does it receive? Which two nuclei appear to be most important for conditioned fear responses?

A

learned fears-medulla

amygdala-impt for enhancing startle reflex

52
Q

What are the main output connections of the amygdala? What does each control?

A

amygdala=> hypothalamus controls autonomic fear responses such as increased blood pressure

53
Q

Describe the effects of a protozoan parasite on rats. How may the behavioural change lead to the reproduction of the parasite?

A

Toxoplama gondii-reproduces in cats.
Cats excrete the parasites eggs in their feces, thereby releasing them into the ground.
Rats that burrow in the ground can become infected with the parasite. When the parasite enters the rat it migrates to the brain where it damages the amygdala. The rat fearlessly approaches the cat who eats the rat.

54
Q

What are the usual effects of amygdala damage? Describe the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

A
  • amygdala is impt for learning what to fear
  • most prominent effects of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome is alterations of the monkeys social behaviours although the exact results depend upon their social status etc.
  • most with Kluver-Bucy syndrome are tame and placid.
55
Q

What causes Urbach-wieth disease? What are its symptoms?

A
  • rare genetic disorder
  • suffer skin lesions and many also accumulate calcium in the amygdala until it wastes away.
  • fearless
  • fail to recognize the emotional expressions in faces especially expressions of fear or disgust
  • they focus their vision on nose and mouth but fear shows in peoples eyes.
56
Q

Describe the genetic abnormality that is implicated in anxiety disorders. on which gene is the suspected sequence? how stable is the sequence within individuals and from parent to offspring?

A

Panic disorders characterized by periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of rapid breathing and increased heart rate, sweating and trembling
Twin studies suggest genetic predisposition although no single gene has been implicated.

57
Q

Name one excitatory and one inhibitory transmitter in the amygdala that have been implicated in the control of anxiety.

A

associated with - decreased activity of neurotransmitter GABA
-increased levels of orexin-apparently drugs that block orexin receptors block panic response.

58
Q

What is the most common drug used to reduce anxiety? What was a major problem with the use of barbiturates for anxiety.

A

-most common drugs are the benzodiazepines-eg diazepam (Valium) Chordiazepoxide (Librium) and alprazolam (Xanax).
benodiazapines bind to GABAa receptors

59
Q

When a benzodiazepine molecule attaches to its binding site on the GABAa receptor, how is the binding of GABA affected? what effect does this have on the flow of chloride ions across the cell membrane?

A
  • benzodiazepines exert their effects in the amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, and several other areas
  • at the centre of the GABAa receptor is a chloride channel when open it permits chloride ions to cross the embrace in to the neuron hyperpolarizing the cell. Surrounding the Cl channel are 4 units each containing one or more sites sensitive to GABA when benzodiazepines binds it neither opens nor closes but rather twists the receptor so that the GABA binds more easily.
60
Q

What are the effects of benzodiazepines on the amygdala and the hypothalamus? On the cerebral cortex and thalamus?

A
  • anti anxiety effects on the amygdala and hypothalamus-reduces anxiety
  • when it reaches the cerebral cortex and thalamus it induces sleepiness blocks epileptic convulsions and impairs memory.
61
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on the GABAa receptor? what are the advantages and disadvantages of a drug that blocks alcohols effects on GABAa receptor?

A
  • Alcohol promotes the flow of chloride ions through the GABAa receptor
  • A drug that blocks alcohol’s effects on GABAa receptor-blocks the effects of alcohol on motor co-ordination , its depressant action on the brain and its ability to reduce anxiety
  • disadvantages: drunks may drink more because they don’t feel drunk.

Biological Psychology 402 (15 decks)

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