chapter 12: Cognitive topics in Personality

Question 1

what are the focus of cognitive approaches to personality

Answer 1

differences in how people think

Question 2

The first person who looked at the picture engaged in what. That is, the scene prompted him to recall a similar event from his own life.

Answer 2

personalizing cognition

Question 3

The second subject looked at the same picture and engaged in what is called what. That is, the scene prompted her to recall objective facts about the distribution of blood vessels in the human head.

Answer 3

objectifying cognition

Question 4

is a general term referring to awareness and thinking, as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, believing, and anticipating.

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

the transformation of sensory input into mental representations and the manipulation of such representations.

Answer 5

information processing

Question 6

what are the 3 levels of info processing

Answer 6

perception, interpretation, concious goals

Question 7

the process of imposing order on the information our sense organs take in.

Answer 7

perception

Question 8

the making sense of, or explaining of, various events in the world.

Answer 8

interpretation

Question 9

the standards that people develop for evaluating themselves and others.

Answer 9

concious goals

Question 10

Individuals who are more what are good at identifying objects or details that have surroundings that might obscure their view.

Answer 10

field-independent

Question 11

Individuals who are more what are less able to view things separately from the overall environment. 

Answer 11

field dependent

Question 12

One commonly noticed difference between people is in what in which people undergo the same physical stimulus but react quite differently from each other in terms of the pain they report experiencing.

Answer 12

pain tolerance,

Question 13

This term refers to the dimension along which people differ in their reaction to sensory stimulation; some appear to reduce sensory stimulation, whereas some appear to augment stimulation.

Answer 13

reducer-augmenter theory.

Question 14

The constructs a person routinely uses to interpret and predict events are called, in Kelly’s theory what

Answer 14

personal constructs.

Question 15

is an intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed, that every person and certainly every culture has a version of reality that is unique, and that no single version of reality is any more privileged than another

Answer 15

Post-modernism

Question 16

what is a concept that describes a person’ s perception of responsibility for the events in his or her life.

Answer 16

Locus of control

Question 17

Rotter emphasized that a person’ s expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations, what he called

Answer 17

generalized expectancies

Question 18

in which the emphasis is on locus of control in discrete areas of life.

Answer 18

specific expectancies

Question 19

We now turn to another individual difference in how people interpret the world

Answer 19

learned helplessness.

Question 20

A what is a set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that a person has selected.

Answer 20

personal project

Question 21

In Bandura’s theory, one of the most important concepts is that of what which refers to the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve goal

Answer 21

self-efficacy

Question 22

One focus of regulation is called what, where the person is concerned with advancement, growth, and accomplishments.

Answer 22

promotion focus

Question 23

The other focus of regulation is called what, where the person is concerned with protection, safety, and the prevention of negative outcomes and failures.

Answer 23

prevention focus

Question 24

A new variable in intelligence research is called what, which refers to the time it takes a person to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.

Answer 24

inspection time