chapter 12: Cognitive topics in Personality Flashcards
what are the focus of cognitive approaches to personality
differences in how people think
The first person who looked at the picture engaged in what. That is, the scene prompted him to recall a similar event from his own life.
personalizing cognition
The second subject looked at the same picture and engaged in what is called what. That is, the scene prompted her to recall objective facts about the distribution of blood vessels in the human head.
objectifying cognition
is a general term referring to awareness and thinking, as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, believing, and anticipating.
Cognition
the transformation of sensory input into mental representations and the manipulation of such representations.
information processing
what are the 3 levels of info processing
perception, interpretation, concious goals
the process of imposing order on the information our sense organs take in.
perception
the making sense of, or explaining of, various events in the world.
interpretation
the standards that people develop for evaluating themselves and others.
concious goals
Individuals who are more what are good at identifying objects or details that have surroundings that might obscure their view.
field-independent
Individuals who are more what are less able to view things separately from the overall environment. 
field dependent
One commonly noticed difference between people is in what in which people undergo the same physical stimulus but react quite differently from each other in terms of the pain they report experiencing.
pain tolerance,
This term refers to the dimension along which people differ in their reaction to sensory stimulation; some appear to reduce sensory stimulation, whereas some appear to augment stimulation.
reducer-augmenter theory.
The constructs a person routinely uses to interpret and predict events are called, in Kelly’s theory what
personal constructs.
is an intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed, that every person and certainly every culture has a version of reality that is unique, and that no single version of reality is any more privileged than another
Post-modernism
what is a concept that describes a person’ s perception of responsibility for the events in his or her life.
Locus of control
Rotter emphasized that a person’ s expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations, what he called
generalized expectancies
in which the emphasis is on locus of control in discrete areas of life.
specific expectancies
We now turn to another individual difference in how people interpret the world
learned helplessness.
A what is a set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that a person has selected.
personal project
In Bandura’s theory, one of the most important concepts is that of what which refers to the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve goal
self-efficacy
One focus of regulation is called what, where the person is concerned with advancement, growth, and accomplishments.
promotion focus
The other focus of regulation is called what, where the person is concerned with protection, safety, and the prevention of negative outcomes and failures.
prevention focus
A new variable in intelligence research is called what, which refers to the time it takes a person to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.
inspection time
