Chapter 12

Question 1

After WW2, what did flight attendants symbolize or become?

Answer 1

• they began to sell flight attendants attractiveness to customers
• basically used the selling strategy of sexual objectification

Question 2

Define the gender pay gap

Answer 2

-difference between the average incomes of full time women vs. men

Question 3

Define gendered job segregation

Answer 3

-filling occupations with mostly male or female workers

Question 4

Is the genderness of jobs seen uniformly across all countries?

Answer 4

• Yes

- however, it differs in every country

Question 5

What is the socialization process?

Answer 5

-men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training and applying for jobs

Question 6

What processes cause men and women to end up in gender stereotypical jobs?

Answer 6

-socialization, employer selection and selective exit

Question 7

What did an experiment on the socialization process show?

Answer 7

• women were less likely to say they considered a computer science major if they made the room geeky looking
• sent a message of no girls allowed

Question 8

Define the employer selection hypothesis

Answer 8

• that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs
• slotting applicants into gender consistent roles during hiring and promotion

Question 9

Define selective exit hypothesis

Answer 9

-workers abandonment of counter-stereotypical occupations

Question 10

Which processes are likely the most substantial contributors to job segregation?

Answer 10

-socialization and selective exit

Question 11

Define androcentric pay scale

Answer 11

-a correlation between the gender composition of a job and its wages

Question 12

What is the single largest contributor to the gender wage gap according to the Bureau of labour statistics?

Answer 12

-the gender composition of a job

Question 13

Define a masculinization of wealth

Answer 13

• the concentration of men in high earning occupations

- their resulting ability to accumulate savings, investments and assets

Question 14

Define emotions work

Answer 14

-controlling ones emotions and managing the emotions of others

Question 15

Which job does emotions work?

Answer 15

-flight attendants

Question 16

What causes us to dismiss the work of a female flight attendant as nothing special?

Answer 16

-the benevolently sexist idea that women are naturally gracious

Question 17

Define care work

Answer 17

-work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional and educational needs of others

Question 18

How is sexism still prevalent in the workforce, name the three ways it is?

Answer 18

• men’s hostile and benevolent sexism
• women’s double bind
• employees preferences for men

Question 19

Which type of men is more likely to be sexist?

Answer 19

-traditionalist men with home maker wives

Question 20

Define symbolic threat

Answer 20

• women’s presence degrades the identity of the dominant group (men)
• reassertion of dominance in response to the entrance of women into jobs which men feel entitled

Question 21

Why are men still likely to resist women’s entry into male-dominated jobs?

Answer 21

-men’s esteem rests on being different from and better than women

Question 22

What is the double bind?

Answer 22

• women in masculine jobs suffer from the perception that they’re not quite right for the job
• women experience a tension between being a worker and a woman
• to be successful at her job a woman needs to do masculinity but to be accepted by her boss, coworkers etc. she must do femininity

Question 23

Define the glass ceiling

Answer 23

-an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations

Question 24

What concepts are behind the glass ceiling?

Answer 24

-the cost of hostile and benevolent sexism and the double bind

Question 25

What is the proper metaphor for Black or Latina women?

Answer 25

• concrete ceiling

- because they are even less likely than Asian and White women to hold jobs in top professions

Question 26

What happens if women do break through the glass ceiling?

Answer 26

-they often experience the glass cliff

Question 27

What is the glass cliff?

Answer 27

-a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men

Question 28

Why is the glass cliff a thing?

Answer 28

-women tend to be promoted during times of crisis and given jobs with high risk of failure

Question 29

Define sticky floor

Answer 29

-jobs with no or low opportunity for promotion

Question 30

What do people with jobs with a sticky floor tend to do?

Answer 30

-limit their aspirations

Question 31

Do men in female-dominated workplaces face the same obstacles women in male-occupations do?

Answer 31

-no

Question 32

What are men in female-dominated jobs often presented with?

Answer 32

-a glass escalator

Question 33

Define glass escalator

Answer 33

-an invisible ride to the top

Question 34

Define the glass closet

Answer 34

-an invisible place sexual minorities hide their identities in order to avoid stigma, suspicion or censure at work

Question 35

What do some sexual minorities report being forced to do?

Answer 35

-stay in the glass closet

Question 36

What do glass and concrete ceilings, glass cliffs, closets and escalators and sticky floors all do?

Answer 36

-keep white heterosexual men at the top of many workplaces

Question 37

Why is a work life balance generally a mommy issue?

Answer 37

• The incompatibility of two hegemonic cultural ideologies:
• intensive motherhood
• ideal worker norm

Question 38

Define the ideal worker norm

Answer 38

-an employee should commit their energies to their job without distraction of family responsibilities

Question 39

Define motherhood penalty

Answer 39

-loss in wages per hour on the job associated with becoming a mother

Question 40

Define the fatherhood premium

Answer 40

-a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers

Question 41

What is the motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium from?

Answer 41

• employers beliefs about time and effort

- along with actual time and effort

Question 42

Define mommy track

Answer 42

• workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less intense commitment from mothers
• with the understanding their sacrificing their right to expect equal pay. raises promotions etc

Question 43

What does research show about how employers see mothers vs. fathers?

Answer 43

• mothers are seen as less than ideal employees
• fathers as especially ideal ones
• regardless of how much talent and effort they both display at work

Question 44

After WW2, that type of women did airlines hire?

Answer 44

-those that represented ideal femininity

Question 45

What did airlines become in the business of?

Answer 45

• business of female spectacle

- strict standards of appearance

Question 46

What happened in 1964 with the airline industry?

Answer 46

-airplane steward’s filed a law suit against the industry and won

Question 47

What is the most succinct measure of men’s advantage?

Answer 47

-the gender pay gape

Question 48

Why do we find variation among the gendered job segregation between different countries?

Answer 48

-because occupations are socially constructed as stereotypically female or male

Question 49

What has been cited as a reason women leave male-dominated jobs?

Answer 49

-hypermasculinity

Question 50

What is the pay like for care work?

Answer 50

-paid even less than other feminized jobs holding everything else constant

Question 51

How can the pay gap be explained percentage wise?

Answer 51

• 10% of the pay gap is due to time spent in and out of the workforce and different amounts of experience (childcare)
• 49% by job segregation and the devaluation of women’s work
• 41% is likely due to discrimination