Chapter 11

Question 1

What category in society is labelled the least happiest?

Answer 1

-women married to men

Question 2

What is the second shift

Answer 2

• childcare, cleaning, feeding and errand running

- greets women when they return from paid work

Question 3

Is the second shift gender neutral?

Answer 3

• no

- childcare and housework are still gendered

Question 4

What percentage of cultures have individual mothers as the primary caregiver?

Answer 4

• 20%

- in most of these children have considerable independence

Question 5

What did wealthy Victorian wives believe about mothering?

Answer 5

-it was an essential, delicate and time consuming enterprise

Question 6

What is the ideology of intensive motherhood?

Answer 6

• childbearing includes lots of time, energy and material resources
• children’s needs take priority
• mothers should do this

Question 7

Which classes still have intensive mothering?

Answer 7

-middle and upper classes

Question 8

What do societal messages say and cause?

Answer 8

• it is a women’s responsibility to care for the home and children
• intensive mothering

Question 9

How do societal messages portray men in the family model?

Answer 9

-reluctant of incompetent parents

Question 10

Define concerted cultivation

Answer 10

-the active and organized efforts to develop children’s skills and talents

Question 11

Can everyone do concerted cultivation?

Answer 11

-not everyone has the time and money so no

Question 12

What do many people internalize about housework and childcare?

Answer 12

-they are feminine activites

Question 13

How is family life gendered and split up?

Answer 13

• fathers do 2/3 of paid work and 1/3 of unpaid

- mothers do 1/3 paid and 2/3 unpaid

Question 14

What are traditionalists?

Answer 14

-people that believe men should earn income and women should do childcare and housework

Question 15

What do traditionalists advocate for?

Answer 15

Specialization:

-splitting unpaid and paid work

Question 16

What do neo- traditionalists believe?

Answer 16

• a woman should work if she wants to

- but only if it doesn’t interfere with her real duty to take care of her husband and children

Question 17

What are superspouses?

Answer 17

• they do most of the second shift

- they both work and take care of the home

Question 18

What status is attributed to housework and childcare?

Answer 18

-low-status

Question 19

What do those who specialize in domestic work sometimes feel?

Answer 19

-their partners don’t value their contributions

Question 20

What do people who specialize in unpaid household labour sometimes feel?

Answer 20

-they have less of a voice in their relationship

Question 21

What is the mommy tax?

Answer 21

• taking time out of the workforce to raise children and then reentering it
• lost wages, benefits and pension contributions

Question 22

What is still one of the function of marriages?

Answer 22

-to transfer economic resources from breadwinners to caregivers

Question 23

What is domestic outsourcing?

Answer 23

-paying people to do family-related tasks

Question 24

What are the pros and cons of outsourcing?

Answer 24

Pro:
-can help build and maintain egalitarian relationships
Con:
-devalues feminized work

Question 25

What is the care chain?

Answer 25

• when families outsource they often hire poor women who often have children of their own
• the hired women must find cheaper care for their own children

Question 26

What type of marriage paradigm do most people assume today?

Answer 26

• egalitarian in theory

- they want a fair share of breadwinning, housekeeping and childrearing

Question 27

Regardless of if men and women want egalitarian marriages what do we still find?

Answer 27

-couples often specialize in practice

Question 28

What are barriers to egalitarian marriages? (3)

Answer 28

• there are high expectations for workers and for parenting
• makes it difficult to be successful at work, home and attend to ones personal needs
• economic barriers

Question 29

What is an economic barrier to egalitarianism?

Answer 29

• specialization of one persons career over the other

- whoever is paid the most

Question 30

What is the feminization of poverty?

Answer 30

-a trend where the poor are increasingly women and children

Question 31

Why does the feminization of poverty occur?

Answer 31

-because women have lower paying jobs, more likely to be single parents etc.

Question 32

What are dual nurturers?

Answer 32

• turn away from work and towards the home
• to focus together on the housework and childcare
• prioritize second shift

Question 33

What does dual nurturing challenge?

Answer 33

-the sexist idea that women are responsible for domestic work

Question 34

What does dual-nurturing require?

Answer 34

-economic sacrifices

Question 35

What is the happiness of dual-nurturing families?

Answer 35

-they are among the happiest mixed-sex couples

Question 36

What are extended families?

Answer 36

• families in which married couples live with extended family
• oldest human family form

Question 37

What is polyamory?

Answer 37

-open practice and encouragement of long-term intimate relationships with more than one person at a time

Question 38

What is the advantage of polyamory?

Answer 38

• can she the burden of the second shift across more than two adults
• however, women still usually take care of children

Question 39

Why are women less happy than men in relationships?

Answer 39

-because it is an institution that systemically pushes them into doing low-status domestic work

Question 40

Define sharing

Answer 40

-doing more or less symmetrical amounts of paid and unpaid work

Question 41

What model do neo-traditionalists advocate for?

Answer 41

-breadwinner/superspouse marriage

Question 42

What model do traditionalists advocate for?

Answer 42

-breadwinner/homemaker

Question 43

Why did Victorian women introduced the ideology of intensive motherhood?

Answer 43

-a way to resist the androecentric devaluation of the domestic sphere

Question 44

Define othermothers

Answer 44

-women in the neighbourhood who act as substitute mothers out of inclination or kindness

Question 45

Define otherfathers

Answer 45

-taking an interest even in children who are no their own