Chapter 12

Question 1

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 1

Contingency is one in which the occurrence of a response produces the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Question 2

Escape Contingency

Answer 2

A response terminates an ongoing stimulus

Question 3

Avoidance Contingency

Answer 3

A response presents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

Question 4

Discriminated Avoidance

Answer 4

Responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer

Question 5

Free-Operant Avoidance

Answer 5

Avoidance behavior is “free to occur” at any time and will delay the presentation of the bright light

Question 6

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcers

Answer 6

Stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning

Question 7

Conditioned Negative Reinforcers

Answer 7

Other stimuli that are previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing negative reinforcer

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

Involves both an operation (termination of reinforcement) and an effect (a reduction in responding).

Question 9

Differential Negative Reinforcement

Answer 9

Strategy to strengthen a more socially appropriate replacement behavior using negative reinforcement.