Chapter 12

Question 1

Leland Stanford

Answer 1

Stanford was the eight governor of California and president of the Central Pacific Railroad. He hammered in the famous golden spike on May 10, 1869. A large portion of his fortune went into the founding of Leland Stanford Junior University, and after his teenage son who had died of typhoid while in Italy

Question 2

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 2

Vanderbilt made his fortune in shipping and then later in railroads. A ruthless businessman, he did little in the way of philanthropy. It was his second wife’s nephew that convinced him to help fund Vanderbilt University.

Question 3

Coliss P. Huntington

Answer 3

One of the big four with Leland Stanford, Huntington was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Question 4

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 4

Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry. In his later years, he donated most of his money to establish schools, libraries, and universities around the world.

Question 5

Robber baron

Answer 5

Muckraker term used for leaders of large corporations and trusts to reflect their power and unscrupulous natures

Question 6

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 6

Rockefeller was the founder of the standard oil company. Known for his practice of buying out his competitors, Rockefeller was a favorite target of muckrakers. He was also a generous philanthropist. His name is become synonymous with massive wealth.

Question 7

J.P. Morgan

Answer 7

Morgan was a banker and financer, and his firm, J.P. Morgan and Company, was one of the most powerful banking houses in the world. It’s financed the formation of the united states steel Corporation, the world’s first billion dollar corporation. Morgan was a benefactor of the Metropolitan Museum of art, the American Museum of Natural History, and Harvard university, among others.

Question 8

The octopus

Answer 8

Frank Noris his novel that recounted the depredations of California by roads.

Question 9

The jungle

Answer 9

Upton Sinclair’s muckraker book that expose the practices of Chicago meatpacking plants

Question 10

Eugene V. Deb’s

Answer 10

Deb’s ran for the US president five times as a socialist. The last attempt in 1920 it was made while he was serving time in prison for obstructing the draft of World War I

Question 11

William Marci tweed

Answer 11

“Boss Tweed” was a leader of the Tamany Hall political machine, which rigged elections and stole massive amounts of money from New York City.

Question 12

Populism

Answer 12

1880s political movement favoring nationalizing banks and railroads to protect farms and rural towns from the private power and corporations of big correction

Question 13

William Jennings Bryan

Answer 13

A lawyer, statesman, and popular speaker, Brian ran for president on the Democratic ticket three different times. He was a prominent leader in the progressive movement and serve as secretary of state to Woodrow Wilson. He may be most well known as one of the lawyers in the famous scopes trial about teaching evolution in schools.

Question 14

Herbert Spencer

Answer 14

Considered the father of social Darwinism, Spencer coined the phrase survival of the fittest in his 1864 book “principles of biology.”

Question 15

Progressivism

Answer 15

Post populist, urban based political movement against private power and corporate corruption that looked hopefully towards the future, emphasizing the benefits of science and technology.

Question 16

Social Darwinism

Answer 16

Believe that society, like everything else, is in a state of constant change and development, evolving into ever hire and more complex forms.

Question 17

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 17

The 26th president of the United States, Roosevelt was known for his boisterous personality. He was known for trust busting, championing survival causes, and promoting his “big stick” foreign policy that called for American policing of the Western Hemisphere to protect its economic interests.

Question 18

Federal Reserve system

Answer 18

A quasigovernmental organization formed to regulate the money supply and keep the economic stability

Question 19

Initiative

Answer 19

Progressive reform in which citizens could put proposition is directly on the ballot through petition and have them become laws by garnering a majority vote.

Question 20

Referendum

Answer 20

Progressive reform in which laws passed by legislatures can be directly submitted to the people for a vote, a majority vote against the law removes it from the books.

Question 21

Recall

Answer 21

Progressive reform in which citizens can call a special election by petition to recall an elected official, majority vote removes the person from office.

Question 22

The great depression

Answer 22

Extended recessions in the 1930s that led to widespread unemployment, bank failure, and general downturn in the economy until world war two

Question 23

Bank run

Answer 23

When most depositors try to with draw their funds simultaneously from a bank

Question 24

Franklin D Roosevelt

Answer 24

The 32nd president of the United States, Roosevelt served four terms, the only US president to serve more than two terms, his exuberant public personality help bolster the nations confidence as it struggled through the depression and then entered into World War II.

Question 25

New deal

Answer 25

Planet by Franklin D Roosevelt’s involving the creation of various government agencies and programs designed to stimulate the economy and help the US over, the great depression.

Question 26

Herbert Hoover

Answer 26

The 31st president of United States, who are lost in the 1932 election for a second term to Franklin Roosevelt when his responses to the stock market crash of 1929 failed to end the economic recession and the great nation slid into the great depression.

Question 27

John Maynard Keynes

Answer 27

A British economic whose ideas would influence Roosevelt’s new deal intervention for the US economy

Question 28

Keynesian economics

Answer 28

Economic theory in which the economy would regulate itself, but in the case of extreme depression the government would be needed to artificially stimulate demand by increasing spending or cutting taxes.

Question 29

Commerce clause

Answer 29

Constitutional closet that gives Congress the power to regulate certain types of trade also justification for the civil rights act of 1964

Question 30

Charles a beard

Answer 30

A liter of the “progressive school” of historiography, beard attacked the founders as being motivated by economics self interest. Although initially supporting new deal policies, beard did not agree with Roosevelt’s foreign-policy and felt that the US should be more isolationist.

Question 31

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Answer 31

Wilson was the 28th president of United States he felt the Constitution was too rigid and outdated.

Question 32

Monetarists

Answer 32

Supporters of an economic theory emphasizes the role of money supply in and economy.

Question 33

Jay Gould

Answer 33

Often regarded as the most unethical of the robber barons, he was involved with Tammany Hall and boss Tweed in his early career. After damaging his reputation in a gold speculation that instigated the panic of Black Friday in 1869, gold went on to gain control of western railroads and by 1882 had a controlled interest in 15% of the countries tracks. Although miss trusted by many of his contemporaries, gold was recognized as a skilled businessman.