Chapter 12 Flashcards
Endothermic
Organism that are able to maintain a constant body temperature ( homeothermic)
Ectothermic
Organisms that are not able to maintain a constant bury temperature
Cladistics
A system which classifies organisms based on the presence or absence of shared derived characteristics
Apomorphic
In cladistics this term describes a recent characteristics that is derived form
Plesiomorphic
In cladistics this term describes primitive characteristics that is thought to be an ancestral to all members of the group under consideration
Lateral lines
A line of sensory cells along each side of a fishs body
Placoid scales
Toothlike scales composed of dentine, withing a pulp cavity
Operculum
Also called a gill cover. It is a bony plate covering the gill chamber
Swim bladder
A small, balloonlike structure filled with gases which helps fish maintain buoyancy and allows them to float at define the depths
Fish
Are the most numerous and widespread of the vertebrates
The earliest vertebrates were aquatic creatures that clacked jaws
Cartilaginous fish are jawed
All other jawed fish are bony fish
Amphibians
The ancestral land vertebrates was likely a lobe finned fish with lungs and limblike fins that enabled it to live on land fur short periods
The three orders are the legless amphibians, the tailless amphibians, and tailed amphibians
Amphibians have two lives
Amniotic eggs
Eggs that have leathery or calcified shells that surround internal membranes including the amnion
Amnion
A membrane which surrounds the embryo and holds the amniotic fluid
Allantois
The embryonic membrane that functions in respiration and in storage of metabolic wastes in reptiles, birds, and some mammals
Reptiles
Reptiles were the first group to be able to complete their life cycle out of water.
Subclasses are anapsida
Reptiles needed to adapt to land
- they developed a dry, waterproof skin, and more efficient lungs and ciruclation
Sternum
The Brewer bone found at the front if the chest in birds and mammals
Birds
Early in history of reptiles there was a great diversification during which the ancestors of all living reptile groups as well as birds and mammals evolved
Birds,like mammals are warm blooded; however, unlike mammals birds have feathers and lay eggs
Birds display many characteristics for flight, such as feathers, hollow quills, and boned
Good vision, end rapid digestion
Monotremes
Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs
Characteristics for flight
Feathers Air sacks Hollow strong bones to reduce mass Large sternum for attachment of flight muscles Lack urinary bladder
Marsupials
Mammals that give birth to partially develop embryos that continue further development in the mothers pouch
Placental
A type of mammal that has all of the embryo development within the uterus of the female
Prehensile
Capable of grasping
Hominids
A family consisting of existing and extinct human species and close relatives
Viviparous
Describes animals that give birth to live young
Mammals
Probable ancestors: reptiles called therapsids had limbs, teeth and skulls similar to modern mammals
Bilateral symmetry
Bony skeleton protects vital organs
Mammary glands
General characteristics of mammals
Warm bodie Air breathing Typically four legged Covered with hair Fleshy lips Four chambered gears
What characteristics have allowed the bony fish to be a successful in so many different water?
Swim bladder
How did the aminiotic egg allow reptiles to dominate the terrestrial environment
It allowed reptiles to come to land because amniotic egg is a self contained environment
Describe two adaptions that have occurred in vertebrates to permit movement on land
1) limes
2) a light weight skeleton
How many amphibians compensate for a less developed lung?
Amphibians could exchange air through their skin as well as their lungs
How is the surface area for gas exchange increased in the mammalian lung
Alveoli in the lung- anastrous
What three adaptions which are lacking in reptiles enable birds to fly
1) air sac
2) feathers
3) wings
Classification in the phylum Chordata
Class Agnatha ( jawless fish )- lamprey Class placodermi ( jawed armoured fish ) extinct Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish)-shark Class Osteichthyes ( bony fish )- perch Class amphibian ( amphibians - frogs Class reptilian( reptiles)- alligators Class aves ( birds ) - blue jays Class mammalia ( mammals) - dogs
How does circulatory system of a reptile differ from that or a bird
In bird , and mammals the heart is fully divided into two hands were in reptiles dioxinated blood mixes with oxinated
