Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endothermic

A

Organism that are able to maintain a constant body temperature ( homeothermic)

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2
Q

Ectothermic

A

Organisms that are not able to maintain a constant bury temperature

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3
Q

Cladistics

A

A system which classifies organisms based on the presence or absence of shared derived characteristics

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4
Q

Apomorphic

A

In cladistics this term describes a recent characteristics that is derived form

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5
Q

Plesiomorphic

A

In cladistics this term describes primitive characteristics that is thought to be an ancestral to all members of the group under consideration

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6
Q

Lateral lines

A

A line of sensory cells along each side of a fishs body

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7
Q

Placoid scales

A

Toothlike scales composed of dentine, withing a pulp cavity

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8
Q

Operculum

A

Also called a gill cover. It is a bony plate covering the gill chamber

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9
Q

Swim bladder

A

A small, balloonlike structure filled with gases which helps fish maintain buoyancy and allows them to float at define the depths

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10
Q

Fish

A

Are the most numerous and widespread of the vertebrates
The earliest vertebrates were aquatic creatures that clacked jaws
Cartilaginous fish are jawed
All other jawed fish are bony fish

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11
Q

Amphibians

A

The ancestral land vertebrates was likely a lobe finned fish with lungs and limblike fins that enabled it to live on land fur short periods
The three orders are the legless amphibians, the tailless amphibians, and tailed amphibians
Amphibians have two lives

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12
Q

Amniotic eggs

A

Eggs that have leathery or calcified shells that surround internal membranes including the amnion

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13
Q

Amnion

A

A membrane which surrounds the embryo and holds the amniotic fluid

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14
Q

Allantois

A

The embryonic membrane that functions in respiration and in storage of metabolic wastes in reptiles, birds, and some mammals

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15
Q

Reptiles

A

Reptiles were the first group to be able to complete their life cycle out of water.
Subclasses are anapsida
Reptiles needed to adapt to land
- they developed a dry, waterproof skin, and more efficient lungs and ciruclation

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16
Q

Sternum

A

The Brewer bone found at the front if the chest in birds and mammals

17
Q

Birds

A

Early in history of reptiles there was a great diversification during which the ancestors of all living reptile groups as well as birds and mammals evolved
Birds,like mammals are warm blooded; however, unlike mammals birds have feathers and lay eggs
Birds display many characteristics for flight, such as feathers, hollow quills, and boned
Good vision, end rapid digestion

18
Q

Monotremes

A

Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs

19
Q

Characteristics for flight

A
Feathers
Air sacks
Hollow strong bones to reduce mass
Large sternum for attachment of flight muscles
Lack urinary bladder
20
Q

Marsupials

A

Mammals that give birth to partially develop embryos that continue further development in the mothers pouch

21
Q

Placental

A

A type of mammal that has all of the embryo development within the uterus of the female

22
Q

Prehensile

A

Capable of grasping

23
Q

Hominids

A

A family consisting of existing and extinct human species and close relatives

24
Q

Viviparous

A

Describes animals that give birth to live young

25
Q

Mammals

A

Probable ancestors: reptiles called therapsids had limbs, teeth and skulls similar to modern mammals
Bilateral symmetry
Bony skeleton protects vital organs
Mammary glands

26
Q

General characteristics of mammals

A
Warm bodie
Air breathing 
Typically four legged 
Covered with hair
Fleshy lips 
Four chambered gears
27
Q

What characteristics have allowed the bony fish to be a successful in so many different water?

A

Swim bladder

28
Q

How did the aminiotic egg allow reptiles to dominate the terrestrial environment

A

It allowed reptiles to come to land because amniotic egg is a self contained environment

29
Q

Describe two adaptions that have occurred in vertebrates to permit movement on land

A

1) limes

2) a light weight skeleton

30
Q

How many amphibians compensate for a less developed lung?

A

Amphibians could exchange air through their skin as well as their lungs

31
Q

How is the surface area for gas exchange increased in the mammalian lung

A

Alveoli in the lung- anastrous

32
Q

What three adaptions which are lacking in reptiles enable birds to fly

A

1) air sac
2) feathers
3) wings

33
Q

Classification in the phylum Chordata

A
Class Agnatha ( jawless fish )- lamprey
Class placodermi ( jawed armoured fish ) extinct
Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish)-shark
Class Osteichthyes ( bony fish )- perch 
Class amphibian ( amphibians - frogs
Class reptilian( reptiles)- alligators
Class aves ( birds ) - blue jays
Class mammalia ( mammals) - dogs
34
Q

How does circulatory system of a reptile differ from that or a bird

A

In bird , and mammals the heart is fully divided into two hands were in reptiles dioxinated blood mixes with oxinated