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PHGY 350 > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

non-cancerous tumour that is not capable of spreading

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2
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

cancerous tumour that is capable of spreading

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3
Q

Do malignant tumours metastasize?

A

yes

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4
Q

Do benign tumours metastasize?

A

no

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5
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

a malignant tumor

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6
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of cancer cells from 1 part of the body to another

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7
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

The original location of the mass of cancer cells

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8
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

Refers to the cancer cells that have spread throughout the body forming a new tumour, or a metastasis

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9
Q

Are malignant tumours dangerous?

A

yes

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9
Q

What are the differences between benign & malignant tumours?

A

malignant tumors can spread, benign can’t

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9
Q

What are the most common cancers in Canada for men?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Other
  5. Bladder
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9
Q

What are the most common cancers in Canada for women?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Other
  5. Uterus
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9
Q

What are the 5 most common cancer for men & women combined in Canada?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Colorectal
  3. Breast
  4. Other
  5. Bladder
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9
Q

Which of the cancers is the deadliest cancer of all?

A

lung

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9
Q

Which cancers affect the female reproductive tract?

A

ovary
uterine/endometrial
cervical
clear cell cancer

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9
Q

Which cancer is caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), otherwise called sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A

cervical cancer

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9
Q

Which cancer is caused by the Human papillomavirus (HPV)?

A

cervical cancer

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A

tobacco/environmental tobacco smoke

asbestos

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9
Q

What is the chief or main risk factor for lung cancer?

A

tobacco

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A

do not appear until advanced stage

persistance cough
chest pain
recurring bronchitis

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9
Q

When is lung cancer usually detected?

A

only after it has spread (advanced stage)

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9
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer?

A

15%

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9
Q

How is lung cancer most often treated?

A

combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for colon & rectum cancer?

A

age
pre-existing polyps
genetics
lifestyle

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9
What are the signs of colorectal cancer?
bleeding from rectum | change in bowel habits
9
What is the first test used to diagnose colorectal cancer?
fecal (stool) occult blood test
9
At what age should the fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer be performed?
at or after 50 years
9
When should he fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer be performed if a person has a family history of colorectal cancer?
yearly before the age of 50
9
Which tests are used to follow-up a positive first test for colorectal cancer?
colonoscopy double contrast barium enema sigmoidoscopy
9
What is the primary method for treating colorectal cancer?
surgery
9
How can colorectal cancer be prevented by an individual?
diet rich in fruits/veggies/whole grains folic acid/calcium/vitamin D nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral contraceptives in women
9
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
Strong genetic factor. Early onset of menstruation. Late onset of menopause. Having no children or having a first child after age 30. Current use of hormone replacement therapy. Obesity. Using alcohol
9
Does a strong genetic factor exist in breast cancer?
yes
9
Does having children affect your risk for developing breast cancer?
yes. no children or children after 30 increases risk
9
Which hormone is considered to be a common element in some of the risk factors for breast cancer?
estrogen
9
How is breast cancer detected early?
1. mammography (over 40) 2. clinical breast exams (20-39 years) 3. be breast aware
9
What is a mammogram?
low-dose breast xray
9
What happens when a lump is detected?
biopsied or scanned by ultrasonography
9
In what percentage of cases is a lump found to be harmless (benign)?
90%
9
What methods are available to treat breast cancer?
surgical chemotherapy radiation therapy drugs
9
Which drugs used to treat breast cancer act as selective estrogen-receptor modulators?
tamoxifen | raloxifene
9
Which drug used to treat breast cancer is a special type of antibody that binds to a specific cancer-related target in the body?
herceptin (trastuzumab)
9
How can one prevent breast cancer?
diet | exercise
9
What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
``` age family history ethnicity diets obesity physical inactivity history of sexually transmitted infections ```
9
What is the strongest predictor of risk for prostate cancer?
age
9
Beyond what age are 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed?
>65 years
9
How is prostate cancer detected or diagnosed?
rectal examination | prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
9
How is prostate cancer treated?
surgical removal | radiation
9
What is the 5-year survival rate for prostate cancer?
100%
9
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
HPV | prior infection with Herpes or Chlamydia
9
Which risk factor is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer?
HPV
9
How is cervical cancer diagnosed in females?
pelvic examination pap smear cervical dysplasia
9
How is cervical cancer treated in females?
removal of cells (surgical, localized laser treatment, cryoscopic probe)
9
How is cervical cancer treated in more advanced cases?
chemotherapy radiation hysterectomy (surgical removal of uterus)
9
How can females protect against developing cervical cancer?
avoid HPV same as avoiding STIs vaccine (gardasil)
9
Which vaccine is recommended for use in girls as young as 9 & women up to age 26, & it can help prevent cervical cancer & cancers of the vagina & vulva?
gardasil
9
What is the endometrium?
lining of the uterus
9
When does endometrial cancer occur most often?
after the age of 55
9
What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?
same as breast cancer Strong genetic factor. Early onset of menstruation. Late onset of menopause. Having no children or having a first child after age 30. Current use of hormone replacement therapy. Obesity. Using alcohol
9
How is endometrial cancer usually detected in females?
pelvic examination
9
How is endometrial cancer treated in females?
surgically (usually hysterectomy) radiation chemotherapy
9
What is the most common surgical treatment for endometrial cancer?
hysterectomy
9
What is a hysterectomy?
surgical removal of the uterus
9
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
same as breast cancer Strong genetic factor. Early onset of menstruation. Late onset of menopause. Having no children or having a first child after age 30. Current use of hormone replacement therapy. Obesity. Using alcohol
9
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
bloating pelvic or abdominal pain difficulty eating urinary problems
9
Are there screening tests to detect ovarian cancer?
no
9
How are some ovarian cancers detected in females?
regular pelvic exams | ultrasound imaging
9
How is ovarian cancer treated in females?
surgical removal of one or both ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
9
How can a female prevent ovarian cancer?
lower # of ovulation cycles (eg. pregnancy, breast feeding, oral contraceptives) diet rick in fruits & veggies
9
What is clear cell cancer?
type of vaginal/cervical cancer
9
Who develops clear cell cancer?
daughters born to women who took DES (diethylstilbestrol) during their pregnancy
9
What is the consequence of pregnant women using diethylstilbestrol (DES) for their sons?
undescended testicles (risk for testicular cancer)
9
What factor can be traced to almost all cases of skin cancer?
UV Radiation
9
What are the risk factors for skin cancer?
``` sunburns fair skin severe sunburns in childhood moles high altitudes family history ```
9
What are the three main types of skin cancer?
Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Melanoma
9
Which of the skin cancers is the most dangerous skin cancer?
melanoma
9
Where are the various skin cancers usually found on the body?
basal: deepest layers squamous: surface layers melanomal: pigmented skin
9
Which of the skin cancers account for the greatest percentage of skin cancers?
basal & squamous cell carcinomas
9
Where does a melanoma usually appear on the body?
back, chest, abdomen, lower legs
9
What are the most common sites of melanoma?
at site of pre-existing moles
9
What is the ABCD test?
A: asymmetry B: border irregularity C: color variation D: diameter (larger than 1/4 inch)
9
When should you avoid sun exposure?
10am-4pm
9
Is it safe to tan under cloudy conditions?
not necessarily (up to 80% of UV can pass through)
9
Can UV rays penetrate water?
up to 1 metre
9
Can UV rays be reflected from surfaces such as snow, sand, water, concrete, & white-painted surfaces?
yes
9
What type of clothing should be worn under the sun?
long-sleeved dark-colored sun-protective fabrics
9
What is the significance of SPF?
sun protection factor | only applies to UVB
9
What SPF should be used by individuals who are fair skinned, at high altitude, outdoors for many hours, or have a family history of skin cancer?
>=30 SPF
9
How is skin cancer detected?
skin examination
9
Where does oral cancer occur?
lip tongue mouth throat
9
What are the risk factors for oral cancer?
tobacco | excessive consumption of alcohol
9
Beyond what age does oral cancer occur most frequently in men?
over 40
9
How easy is it to detect and cure oral cancer?
easy to detect, difficult to cure
9
What are the primary methods for treating oral cancer?
surgery | radiation
9
What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
age ethnicity men with undescended testicles
9
What are the signs of testicular cancer?
``` lump/swelling/node change in the way testicle feels sudden collection of fluid in scrotum dull aches in lower abdomen/groin feeling of heaviness in scrotum pain in testicle/scrotum ```
9
How is testicular cancer detected?
self-examination
9
How is testicular cancer treated if the tumour has not spread?
surgery
9
How is testicular cancer treated if the tumour has spread?
chemotherapy
9
What are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
``` Smoking, Being male, African Canadian, Age > 60 yrs, Family history of pancreatic cancer, Diabetes, Inactivity, Obesity, Diet high in fat & meat & low in vegetables ```
9
Is there an effective cure for pancreatic cancer?
no
9
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
male | smoking
9
What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?
blood in urine | increased frequency of urination
9
What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?
age (>50) smoking obesity family history
9
What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?
fatigue pain in side blood in urine
9
What are the risk factors for brain cancer?
ionizing radiation of the head
9
What are the symptoms of brain cancer?
headaches fatigue behavioural changes seizures
9
How is brain cancer treated?
surgery | radiation & chemotherapy
9
How curable are most brain cancers?
most are incurable
9
What is leukemia?
cancer of WBC
9
Where does leukemia start?
bone marrrow
9
What are the risk factors for leukemia?
usually none | about 20% of people: smoking, radiation, chemicals/infections
9
What are the symptoms of leukemia?
fatigue anemia weight loss increased risk of infection
9
What is lymphoma?
form of cancers that begins in lymph nodes
9
Where does lymphoma begin?
lymph nodes
9
What are the two types of lymphoma?
Hodgkin’s | Non-Hodgkin’s
9
What is the most common type of lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin’s
9
What is the most deadly form of lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin’s
9
What are the risk factors of lymphoma?
genetic factors radiation certain chemicals/infections
9
What are risk factors for developing cancer?
DNA Dietary factors Inactivity/Obesity Carcinogens
9
What is a chromosome?
Threadlike bodies in a cell nucleus that contain molecules of DNA
9
What is DNA?
chemical substance that carries genetic information
9
What is a gene?
section of a chromosome that contains the instructions for making a particular protein
9
What is a mutation?
any change in the makeup of a gene
9
What is a mutagen?
something that causes mutation
9
What types of mutagens exist?
radiation certain viruses chemical substances in air
9
What is a carcinogen?
can cause cancer
9
What is an oncogene?
gene in which mutations are associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell in undamaged form, many oncogenes play a role in controlling or restricting cell growth, thus, they are called suppressor genes
9
What is a cancer promoter?
accelerate the growth of cells which translates into less time for a cell to repair DNA damage caused by other factors (but do not produce DNA mutations)
9
What is an example of a cancer promoter?
estrogen
9
Which dietary factors may affects cancer risk?
high in fat/meat | alcohol
9
Do diets high in fat & meat increase the risk of developing cancer?
yes
9
Does a diet high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fats increase the risk of cancer?
yes
9
Is alcohol a known human carcinogen?
yes
9
Which cancers are associated with alcohol intake?
breast cancer | oral cancer
9
Which chemical that has been found at high levels in starch-based foods fried or baked at high temperatures is a probable carcinogen?
acrylamide
9
May fibre be used to fight cancer?
yes
9
Does research support the view that a high consumption of fruits & vegetables reduce the risk for developing many cancers?
yes
9
What is an antioxidant?
prevents free radicals from forming
9
What is a carotenoid?
found in orange, yellow, pink & dark green vegetables | antioxidant
9
Which essential nutrients act as antioxidants?
vitamin C Vitamin E carotenoids selenium
9
Which phytochemicals act as antioxidants?
capsaicin flavonoids resveratrol carotenoids
9
Which phytochemical is found in chili peppers & neutralizes the effects of nitrosamines?
capsaicin
9
Which phytochemical is found in grapes, red wine, & peanuts, acts as an antioxidant, & suppresses tumour growth?
resveratrol
9
Which common types of cancer are associated with being overweight or obese?
``` colon breast endometrial kidney prostate ```
9
According to research, what is the relationship between the types of cancer associated with being overweight or obese, and physical activity?
higher physical activity = lower risk
9
Which compounds, used as preservatives in foods or food products, can be converted to nitrosamines, which are highly potent carcinogens?
nitrates & nitrites
9
Which foods or food products contain these compounds?
ham, bacon, hot dogs, lunch meats, beer, ale
9
Which cancers have been linked to foods cured with nitrites or cured by salt or smoke?
esophageal | stomach
9
Which type of pollution is responsible for more cancer deaths?
general environmental pollution (air/water)
9
What types of radiation are potentially carcinogenic?
all
9
Can microbes cause cancers?
yes
9
Which microbes cause cancers?
Epstein-Barr virus Human herpes virus 8 Hepatitis B & C
9
Which microbes cause cervical cancer?
HPV
9
Which microbes cause both stomach ulcers & stomach cancer?
helicobacter pylori bacterium
9
How can a person prevent the development of cancer?
``` Avoid Tobacco Control Diet & Weight Exercise Regularly Protect Skin from the Sun Avoid Environmental & Occupational Carcinogens ```
9
What are the 7 major warning signs of cancer?
``` Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding/discharge Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere Indigestion or dificulty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough/hoarseness ```

PHGY 350 (5 decks)

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