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PHGY 350 > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

non-cancerous tumour that is not capable of spreading

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2
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

cancerous tumour that is capable of spreading

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3
Q

Do malignant tumours metastasize?

A

yes

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4
Q

Do benign tumours metastasize?

A

no

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5
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

a malignant tumor

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6
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of cancer cells from 1 part of the body to another

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7
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

The original location of the mass of cancer cells

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8
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

Refers to the cancer cells that have spread throughout the body forming a new tumour, or a metastasis

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9
Q

Are malignant tumours dangerous?

A

yes

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9
Q

What are the differences between benign & malignant tumours?

A

malignant tumors can spread, benign can’t

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9
Q

What are the most common cancers in Canada for men?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Other
  5. Bladder
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9
Q

What are the most common cancers in Canada for women?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Other
  5. Uterus
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9
Q

What are the 5 most common cancer for men & women combined in Canada?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Colorectal
  3. Breast
  4. Other
  5. Bladder
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9
Q

Which of the cancers is the deadliest cancer of all?

A

lung

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9
Q

Which cancers affect the female reproductive tract?

A

ovary
uterine/endometrial
cervical
clear cell cancer

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9
Q

Which cancer is caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), otherwise called sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A

cervical cancer

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9
Q

Which cancer is caused by the Human papillomavirus (HPV)?

A

cervical cancer

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A

tobacco/environmental tobacco smoke

asbestos

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9
Q

What is the chief or main risk factor for lung cancer?

A

tobacco

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A

do not appear until advanced stage

persistance cough
chest pain
recurring bronchitis

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9
Q

When is lung cancer usually detected?

A

only after it has spread (advanced stage)

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9
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer?

A

15%

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9
Q

How is lung cancer most often treated?

A

combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for colon & rectum cancer?

A

age
pre-existing polyps
genetics
lifestyle

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9
Q

What are the signs of colorectal cancer?

A

bleeding from rectum

change in bowel habits

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9
Q

What is the first test used to diagnose colorectal cancer?

A

fecal (stool) occult blood test

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9
Q

At what age should the fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer be performed?

A

at or after 50 years

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9
Q

When should he fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer be performed if a person has a family history of colorectal cancer?

A

yearly before the age of 50

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9
Q

Which tests are used to follow-up a positive first test for colorectal cancer?

A

colonoscopy
double contrast barium enema
sigmoidoscopy

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9
Q

What is the primary method for treating colorectal cancer?

A

surgery

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9
Q

How can colorectal cancer be prevented by an individual?

A

diet rich in fruits/veggies/whole grains
folic acid/calcium/vitamin D
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
oral contraceptives in women

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Strong genetic factor.
Early onset of menstruation.
Late onset of menopause.
Having no children or having a first child after age 30.
Current use of hormone replacement therapy.
Obesity.
Using alcohol

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9
Q

Does a strong genetic factor exist in breast cancer?

A

yes

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9
Q

Does having children affect your risk for developing breast cancer?

A

yes. no children or children after 30 increases risk

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9
Q

Which hormone is considered to be a common element in some of the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

estrogen

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9
Q

How is breast cancer detected early?

A
  1. mammography (over 40)
  2. clinical breast exams (20-39 years)
  3. be breast aware
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9
Q

What is a mammogram?

A

low-dose breast xray

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9
Q

What happens when a lump is detected?

A

biopsied or scanned by ultrasonography

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9
Q

In what percentage of cases is a lump found to be harmless (benign)?

A

90%

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9
Q

What methods are available to treat breast cancer?

A

surgical
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
drugs

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9
Q

Which drugs used to treat breast cancer act as selective estrogen-receptor modulators?

A

tamoxifen

raloxifene

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9
Q

Which drug used to treat breast cancer is a special type of antibody that binds to a specific cancer-related target in the body?

A

herceptin (trastuzumab)

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9
Q

How can one prevent breast cancer?

A

diet

exercise

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A 
age
family history
ethnicity
diets
obesity
physical inactivity
history of sexually transmitted infections
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9
Q

What is the strongest predictor of risk for prostate cancer?

A

age

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9
Q

Beyond what age are 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed?

A

> 65 years

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9
Q

How is prostate cancer detected or diagnosed?

A

rectal examination

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

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9
Q

How is prostate cancer treated?

A

surgical removal

radiation

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9
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate for prostate cancer?

A

100%

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

HPV

prior infection with Herpes or Chlamydia

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9
Q

Which risk factor is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

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9
Q

How is cervical cancer diagnosed in females?

A

pelvic examination
pap smear
cervical dysplasia

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9
Q

How is cervical cancer treated in females?

A

removal of cells (surgical, localized laser treatment, cryoscopic probe)

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9
Q

How is cervical cancer treated in more advanced cases?

A

chemotherapy
radiation
hysterectomy (surgical removal of uterus)

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9
Q

How can females protect against developing cervical cancer?

A

avoid HPV

same as avoiding STIs
vaccine (gardasil)

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9
Q

Which vaccine is recommended for use in girls as young as 9 & women up to age 26, & it can help prevent cervical cancer & cancers of the vagina & vulva?

A

gardasil

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9
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

lining of the uterus

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9
Q

When does endometrial cancer occur most often?

A

after the age of 55

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

same as breast cancer

Strong genetic factor.
Early onset of menstruation.
Late onset of menopause.
Having no children or having a first child after age 30.
Current use of hormone replacement therapy.
Obesity.
Using alcohol

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9
Q

How is endometrial cancer usually detected in females?

A

pelvic examination

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9
Q

How is endometrial cancer treated in females?

A

surgically (usually hysterectomy)
radiation
chemotherapy

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9
Q

What is the most common surgical treatment for endometrial cancer?

A

hysterectomy

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9
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

surgical removal of the uterus

9
Q

What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A

same as breast cancer

Strong genetic factor.
Early onset of menstruation.
Late onset of menopause.
Having no children or having a first child after age 30.
Current use of hormone replacement therapy.
Obesity.
Using alcohol

9
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

bloating
pelvic or abdominal pain
difficulty eating
urinary problems

9
Q

Are there screening tests to detect ovarian cancer?

A

no

9
Q

How are some ovarian cancers detected in females?

A

regular pelvic exams

ultrasound imaging

9
Q

How is ovarian cancer treated in females?

A

surgical removal of one or both ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

9
Q

How can a female prevent ovarian cancer?

A

lower # of ovulation cycles (eg. pregnancy, breast feeding, oral contraceptives)
diet rick in fruits & veggies

9
Q

What is clear cell cancer?

A

type of vaginal/cervical cancer

9
Q

Who develops clear cell cancer?

A

daughters born to women who took DES (diethylstilbestrol) during their pregnancy

9
Q

What is the consequence of pregnant women using diethylstilbestrol (DES) for their sons?

A

undescended testicles (risk for testicular cancer)

9
Q

What factor can be traced to almost all cases of skin cancer?

A

UV Radiation

9
Q

What are the risk factors for skin cancer?

A 
sunburns
fair skin
severe sunburns in childhood
moles
high altitudes
family history
9
Q

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma

9
Q

Which of the skin cancers is the most dangerous skin cancer?

A

melanoma

9
Q

Where are the various skin cancers usually found on the body?

A

basal: deepest layers
squamous: surface layers
melanomal: pigmented skin

9
Q

Which of the skin cancers account for the greatest percentage of skin cancers?

A

basal & squamous cell carcinomas

9
Q

Where does a melanoma usually appear on the body?

A

back, chest, abdomen, lower legs

9
Q

What are the most common sites of melanoma?

A

at site of pre-existing moles

9
Q

What is the ABCD test?

A

A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color variation
D: diameter (larger than 1/4 inch)

9
Q

When should you avoid sun exposure?

A

10am-4pm

9
Q

Is it safe to tan under cloudy conditions?

A

not necessarily (up to 80% of UV can pass through)

9
Q

Can UV rays penetrate water?

A

up to 1 metre

9
Q

Can UV rays be reflected from surfaces such as snow, sand, water, concrete, & white-painted surfaces?

A

yes

9
Q

What type of clothing should be worn under the sun?

A

long-sleeved
dark-colored
sun-protective fabrics

9
Q

What is the significance of SPF?

A

sun protection factor

only applies to UVB

9
Q

What SPF should be used by individuals who are fair skinned, at high altitude, outdoors for many hours, or have a family history of skin cancer?

A

> =30 SPF

9
Q

How is skin cancer detected?

A

skin examination

9
Q

Where does oral cancer occur?

A

lip
tongue
mouth
throat

9
Q

What are the risk factors for oral cancer?

A

tobacco

excessive consumption of alcohol

9
Q

Beyond what age does oral cancer occur most frequently in men?

A

over 40

9
Q

How easy is it to detect and cure oral cancer?

A

easy to detect, difficult to cure

9
Q

What are the primary methods for treating oral cancer?

A

surgery

radiation

9
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

age
ethnicity
men with undescended testicles

9
Q

What are the signs of testicular cancer?

A 
lump/swelling/node
change in the way testicle feels
sudden collection of fluid in scrotum
dull aches in lower abdomen/groin
feeling of heaviness in scrotum
pain in testicle/scrotum
9
Q

How is testicular cancer detected?

A

self-examination

9
Q

How is testicular cancer treated if the tumour has not spread?

A

surgery

9
Q

How is testicular cancer treated if the tumour has spread?

A

chemotherapy

9
Q

What are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A 
Smoking, 
Being male, 
African Canadian, 
Age > 60 yrs, 
Family history of pancreatic cancer,  
Diabetes, Inactivity, Obesity, 
Diet high in fat & meat & low in vegetables
9
Q

Is there an effective cure for pancreatic cancer?

A

no

9
Q

What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

A

male

smoking

9
Q

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

A

blood in urine

increased frequency of urination

9
Q

What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?

A

age (>50)
smoking
obesity
family history

9
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?

A

fatigue
pain in side
blood in urine

9
Q

What are the risk factors for brain cancer?

A

ionizing radiation of the head

9
Q

What are the symptoms of brain cancer?

A

headaches
fatigue
behavioural changes
seizures

9
Q

How is brain cancer treated?

A

surgery

radiation & chemotherapy

9
Q

How curable are most brain cancers?

A

most are incurable

9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of WBC

9
Q

Where does leukemia start?

A

bone marrrow

9
Q

What are the risk factors for leukemia?

A

usually none

about 20% of people: smoking, radiation, chemicals/infections

9
Q

What are the symptoms of leukemia?

A

fatigue
anemia
weight loss
increased risk of infection

9
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

form of cancers that begins in lymph nodes

9
Q

Where does lymphoma begin?

A

lymph nodes

9
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s

Non-Hodgkin’s

9
Q

What is the most common type of lymphoma?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s

9
Q

What is the most deadly form of lymphoma?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s

9
Q

What are the risk factors of lymphoma?

A

genetic factors
radiation
certain chemicals/infections

9
Q

What are risk factors for developing cancer?

A

DNA
Dietary factors
Inactivity/Obesity
Carcinogens

9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Threadlike bodies in a cell nucleus that contain molecules of DNA

9
Q

What is DNA?

A

chemical substance that carries genetic information

9
Q

What is a gene?

A

section of a chromosome that contains the instructions for making a particular protein

9
Q

What is a mutation?

A

any change in the makeup of a gene

9
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

something that causes mutation

9
Q

What types of mutagens exist?

A

radiation
certain viruses
chemical substances in air

9
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

can cause cancer

9
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

gene in which mutations are associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell
in undamaged form, many oncogenes play a role in controlling or restricting cell growth, thus, they are called suppressor genes

9
Q

What is a cancer promoter?

A

accelerate the growth of cells which translates into less time for a cell to repair DNA damage caused by other factors (but do not produce DNA mutations)

9
Q

What is an example of a cancer promoter?

A

estrogen

9
Q

Which dietary factors may affects cancer risk?

A

high in fat/meat

alcohol

9
Q

Do diets high in fat & meat increase the risk of developing cancer?

A

yes

9
Q

Does a diet high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fats increase the risk of cancer?

A

yes

9
Q

Is alcohol a known human carcinogen?

A

yes

9
Q

Which cancers are associated with alcohol intake?

A

breast cancer

oral cancer

9
Q

Which chemical that has been found at high levels in starch-based foods fried or baked at high temperatures is a probable carcinogen?

A

acrylamide

9
Q

May fibre be used to fight cancer?

A

yes

9
Q

Does research support the view that a high consumption of fruits & vegetables reduce the risk for developing many cancers?

A

yes

9
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

prevents free radicals from forming

9
Q

What is a carotenoid?

A

found in orange, yellow, pink & dark green vegetables

antioxidant

9
Q

Which essential nutrients act as antioxidants?

A

vitamin C
Vitamin E
carotenoids
selenium

9
Q

Which phytochemicals act as antioxidants?

A

capsaicin
flavonoids
resveratrol
carotenoids

9
Q

Which phytochemical is found in chili peppers & neutralizes the effects of nitrosamines?

A

capsaicin

9
Q

Which phytochemical is found in grapes, red wine, & peanuts, acts as an antioxidant, & suppresses tumour growth?

A

resveratrol

9
Q

Which common types of cancer are associated with being overweight or obese?

A 
colon
breast
endometrial
kidney
prostate
9
Q

According to research, what is the relationship between the types of cancer associated with being overweight or obese, and physical activity?

A

higher physical activity = lower risk

9
Q

Which compounds, used as preservatives in foods or food products, can be converted to nitrosamines, which are highly potent carcinogens?

A

nitrates & nitrites

9
Q

Which foods or food products contain these compounds?

A

ham, bacon, hot dogs, lunch meats, beer, ale

9
Q

Which cancers have been linked to foods cured with nitrites or cured by salt or smoke?

A

esophageal

stomach

9
Q

Which type of pollution is responsible for more cancer deaths?

A

general environmental pollution (air/water)

9
Q

What types of radiation are potentially carcinogenic?

A

all

9
Q

Can microbes cause cancers?

A

yes

9
Q

Which microbes cause cancers?

A

Epstein-Barr virus
Human herpes virus 8
Hepatitis B & C

9
Q

Which microbes cause cervical cancer?

A

HPV

9
Q

Which microbes cause both stomach ulcers & stomach cancer?

A

helicobacter pylori bacterium

9
Q

How can a person prevent the development of cancer?

A 
Avoid Tobacco
Control Diet & Weight
Exercise Regularly
Protect Skin from the Sun
Avoid Environmental & Occupational Carcinogens
9
Q

What are the 7 major warning signs of cancer?

A 
Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or dificulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough/hoarseness

PHGY 350 (5 decks)

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