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PHGY 350 > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is atheroscleroisis?

A

slow, progressive hardening & narrowing of the arteries by plaques (deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances)
form of arteriosclerosis

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2
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

thickening & hardening of the arteries

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3
Q

What are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A 
cigarette smoking
physical inactivity
high concentration of cholesterol in the blood
high BP
diabetes mellitus
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4
Q

What is a stroke?

A

when blood supply to the brain is cut off

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5
Q

What may be caused by a stroke?

A

paralysis
walking disability
speech impairment
memory loss

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6
Q

What are the types of stroke?

A

Ischemic

Hemorrhagic

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7
Q

What differentiates the types of stroke?

A

Ischemic: caused by a blood clot
Hemorrhagic: ruptured blood vessel

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8
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of a stroke?

A 
weakness
trouble speaking
vision problems
headaches
dizziness
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9
Q

What are effective treatments of stroke?

A

prompt recognition of signs/symptoms
correct diagnosis of type of stroke
use clot-dissolving & antihypertensive drugs

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10
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

condition resulting in the heart’s inability to pump out all of the blood that returns to it because the heart cannot maintain its regular pumping rate & force

fluids begin to back up in the body resulting in edema, usually in the legs & ankles, & sometimes in other parts of the body such as the lungs

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11
Q

Which factors can damage a heart’s pumping mechanism?

A 
High blood pressure
Heart attack
Atherosclerosis
Rheumatic fever
Birth defects
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12
Q

What is rheumatic fever and does it cause congestive heart failure?

A

A disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, & pain in the joints.

Often damages the heart muscle resulting in rheumatic heart disease.

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13
Q

What are the 6 major risk factors for CVD identified by the Canadian Heart Health Initiative & the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada that can be changed?

A 
Tobacco Use
High Blood Pressure
Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels
Physical Inactivity
Obesity
Diabetes
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14
Q

What are all of the risk factors for CVD that can be changed?

A

High Triglyceride Levels

Psychological & Social Factors

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15
Q

Are smokers at a greater risk of developing CVD than non-smokers?

A

yes

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16
Q

Are non-smokers at risk of developing CVD when exposed frequently to high concentrations of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), otherwise known as second-hand smoke?

A

yes

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17
Q

How does smoking damage the cardiovascular system?

A

Damages the linings of arteries.
Reduces the concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood.
Nicotine increases blood pressure & heart rate.
Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the blood.
Causes platelets to stick together in the blood, leading to clotting.
Speeds the development of fatty deposits in the arteries

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18
Q

Is high blood pressure a risk factor for other forms of CVD?

A

yes

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19
Q

What is high blood pressure often called because it usually has no symptoms?

A

silent killer

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20
Q

What are the blood pressure classifications for healthy adults?

A

120/80

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21
Q

Which blood pressure measurements would classify a person as being prehypertensive & hypertensive?

A

Prehypertensive: 120-140/80-90
Hypertensive: 140-160/90-100, 160+/100+

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22
Q

Which conditions or CVDs have their risk increased by high blood pressure?

A 
Heart attack
Congestive heart failure
Stroke 
Kidney failure
Blindness
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23
Q

Which lifestyle changes are recommended for prehypertensive & hypertensive individuals?

A

Weight reduction
Regular physical activity
A healthy diet

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24
Q

What is the DASH diet?

A 
Fruits
Vegetables
Whole grains
Foods rich in potassium, calcium & fibre
Diets rich in potassium & calcium may be helpful in preventing & treating hypertension.
Foods low in sodium
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25
Q

What must be restricted in the diet by some individuals due to its association with high blood pressure?

A

alcohol

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26
Q

What is the adequate intake (AI) of sodium?

A

1500 mg/day

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27
Q

What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of sodium?

A

2300 mg/day

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28
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

fatty, waxlike substance that circulates through the bloodstream

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29
Q

What is the importance of cholesterol in the human body?

A 
important component of:
Cell membranes,
Sex hormones,
Vitamin D,
The fluid that coats the lungs,
The protective sheaths around nerves
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30
Q

What problems are associated with unhealthy levels of cholesterol in the blood?

A

clogged arteries

increased risk of CVD

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31
Q

Where does the majority of our cholesterol come from?

A

from the liver (80%)

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32
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

carriers or transporters of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, & phospholipids) in the human body
composed of different proportions of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, & protein

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33
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A 
lipoproteins synthesized in the small intestine after the consumption of a meal.
transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the small intestine into the blood to various tissues of the body such as adipose, muscle, & liver tissues
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34
Q

What is a very-low-density lipoprotein?

A

lipoproteins synthesized in the liver that transport endogenous (body) lipids to various tissues of the body

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35
Q

What is a low-density lipoprotein?

A

formed by the liver or through the breakdown of VLDLs in the blood.
transport cholesterol from the liver to the organs & tissues that require it.
are known as “bad” cholesterol because an amount beyond the body’s needs is deposited in the walls of blood vessels such as arteries & may be oxidized by free radicals resulting in inflammation & damage of the artery walls

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36
Q

What is a high-density lipoprotein?

A

formed mainly by the liver.
transport cholesterol from the body’s tissues back to the liver for recycling or excretion, &, as a result, are known as “good” cholesterol.

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37
Q

How can the LDL cholesterol concentration in the blood be reduced to healthy levels?

A

Choosing unsaturated fats instead of saturated & trans fats,
Increasing soluble fibre intake,
Eating more fruits, vegetables, & whole grains,
Consume food products containing plant stanols & plant sterols,
Consume soy protein,
Exercising regularly

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38
Q

How can the HDL cholesterol concentration in the blood be raised in order to reduce the risk of CVD?

A

Exercising regularly,
Losing weight if overweight,
Quitting smoking, &
Altering the amount & type of dietary fat consumed

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39
Q

What is thought to be the closest thing we have to a “magic bullet” against heart disease?

A

exercise

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40
Q

How does exercise lower the risk for CVD?

A 
Decrease blood pressure,
Increase HDL levels,
Maintain desirable weight,
Improve the condition of the blood vessels, &
Prevent or control diabetes
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41
Q

What does excess body fat contribute to?

A

Hypertension,
Elevated cholesterol, &
Type 2 diabetes

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42
Q

What type of obesity is significantly associated with the narrowing of coronary arteries?

A

abdominal obesity

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43
Q

Which fasting blood glucose concentration classifies a person as having diabetes?

A

> =7.0

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44
Q

Are high triglyceride levels a reliable predictor of heart disease?

A

yes

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45
Q

Are there any other risk factors that make high triglyceride levels an even more reliable indicator of heart disease?

A

High LDL level
Low HDL level
Obesity
Diabetes

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46
Q

Which factors contribute to high triglyceride levels?

A 
Excess body fat
Physical inactivity
Cigarette smoking
Type 2 diabetes
Excess alcohol intake
Very high carbohydrate diets
Certain diseases & medications
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47
Q

What are the psychological & social factors that contribute to the development of CVD?

A 
stress
chronic hostillity/anger
supressed psychological distress
depression/anxiety
social isolation
low socioeconomic status
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48
Q

Can excessive stress contribute to CVD?

A

yes

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49
Q

Which 3 character traits of a “Type A” personality are associated with an increased risk of heart disease?

A

hostility, cynicism & anger

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50
Q

Is suppressing psychological distress associated with a higher rate of heart disease?

A

yes

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51
Q

What type of personality is characterized by the suppression of psychological distress?

A

Type D (distressed)

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52
Q

Are depression & anxiety linked or associated with an increased risk of CVD?

A

yes

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53
Q

Does a low socioeconomic status & low educational attainment increase the risk for CVD?

A

yes

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54
Q

What are the major risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed?

A

family history (heredity)
aging
being male
ethnicity

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55
Q

Does family history increase the risk to develop CVD?

A

yes

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56
Q

After what age does the risk of heart attack increase dramatically?

A

65 years

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57
Q

Do Canadian men show a greater prevalence of CVD risk factors than women?

A

yes

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58
Q

Do more Canadian men die from heart attacks & coronary artery diseases than women?

A

yes

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59
Q

After what age does CVD typically develop in women?

A

until after the age of 50

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60
Q

Why does CVD develop in women after the age of 50?

A

before menopause, estrogen plays a protective role by reducing CVD risk factors

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61
Q

Which ethnic groups have the highest rates of CVD?

A

caucasians

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62
Q

What other possible risk factors for CVD have been identified in recent years?

A 
C-Reactive prtein
homocystein
Lipoprotein A
LDL Pattern B
Infectious Agents
Fibrinogen
Metabolic Syndrome
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63
Q

What is C - reactive protein?

A

substance released into the bloodstream during the inflammatory response

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64
Q

What is indicated by a high concentration of C-reactive protein in the blood?

A

substantially elevated risk of heart attack & stroke

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65
Q

Are there any other factors that increase the level of C-reactive protein in the blood?

A

smoking, high levels of total & LDL cholesterol, hypertension, infectious agents

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66
Q

What is homocysteine?

A

amino acid that may damage the lining of blood vessels

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67
Q

Are homocysteine levels generally higher in men than in women?

A

men

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68
Q

Which vitamins can lower the level of homocysteine in the blood if consumed in foods such as fruits, vegetables, & grains, & in supplements?

A

folate/folic acid
vitamin B12
vitamin B6

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69
Q

What is lipoprotein(a) & does it increase the risk for CVD?

A

specific type of LDL that at high levels in the blood has been identified as a possible risk factor for CHD

70
Q

Is it difficult to treat a person with a high concentration of lipoprotein(a) in the blood?

A

yes, because they have a strong genetic component

71
Q

What is LDL Pattern B & does it increase the risk for CVD?

A

condition characterized by a high proportion of small, dense LDL particles
yes, it increases the risk

72
Q

Which infectious agents are possible risk factors for CVD?

A

Chlamydia pneumonia
Cytomegalovirus
Helicobacter pylori

73
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

protein involved with blood clotting

74
Q

Are higher or lower concentrations of fibrinogen believed to be another marker for a higher risk of developing CVD?

A

higher levels

75
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

cluster of risk factors:

abdominal obesity, 
high blood pressure, 
high triglycerides, 
low HDL cholesterol, & 
high blood glucose levels
76
Q

Does metabolic syndrome increase a person’s risk of developing CVD?

A

yes

77
Q

What can be done to prevent CVD or protect against the development of CVD?

A 
Eat Heart-Healthy
Exercise Regularly
Avoid Tobacco
Know & Manage Your Cholesterol Levels
Develop Ways to Handle Stress & Anger
Know Your Risk Factors
78
Q

What are the Health Canada recommendations for total fat & saturated fat consumption?

A

<30% of total daily calories

10% of total daily calories

79
Q

What are total fat & saturated fat recommendations for people with heart disease or high LDL levels?

A

25-35% total daily calories

<7% total daily calories

80
Q

What is daily recommended dietary cholesterol intake for Canadians?

A

<300mg/day

81
Q

What is the suggested daily limit of cholesterol for people with heart disease or high LDL levels?

A

200mg/day

82
Q

What are some of the advantages of incorporating adequate amounts of fibre into your diet?

A

traps bile acids to prevent cholesterol production
slows production of protein that promotes blood clotting
interferes with absorption of dietary fat
helps cut total food intake

83
Q

What is the recommended limit for sodium intake in healthy adults?

A

2300 mg/day

84
Q

What is the recommended limit for sodium intake in individuals that are middle-aged, older, or hypertensive?

A

1500 mg/day

85
Q

What is the recommended limit for potassium intake in healthy adults?

A

4700 mg/day

86
Q

What level of alcohol consumption may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among men > 45 & women > 55?

A

men: not more than 2 drinks/day
women: not more than 1 drink/day

87
Q

What does this level of alcohol consumption correspond to in terms of drinks per day?

A

moderate

88
Q

What does the acronym DASH stand for?

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

89
Q

What is the recommended exercise prescription (overload or dose) to significantly reduce your risk of CVD?

A

30-60 mins

90
Q

What is the primary risk factor for CVD that you can control?

A

smoking

91
Q

Does ETS increase your risk for CVD?

A

yes, by permanently increasing the rate of plaque formation

92
Q

When should you have your blood pressure measured if you have or do not have CVD risk factors, or if you have hypertension?

A

once every 2 years

93
Q

When should an adult aged 20 or more years have a lipoprotein profile done?

A

once every 5 years

94
Q

Which factors affect your LDL goal?

A 
Cigarette smoking,
High blood pressure,
Low HDL cholesterol,
Family history of Heart disease, 
Age > 45 yrs for men,
Age > 55 yrs for women
95
Q

How much aspirin should be taken per day if you are at moderate risk for CVD?

A

50-325 mg/day

96
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer death for men & women combined in Canada?

A

Lung Cancer

97
Q

What is the second leading cause of cancer death in Canada?

A

Colorectal Cancer

98
Q

What is the third leading cause of cancer death in Canada?

A

Breast Cancer/Prostate Cancer

99
Q

What are the major forms of cardiovascular disease?

A

atherosclerosis
HD & Heart Attacks
Stroke
Congestive Heart Failure

100
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. plaque buildup begins, endothelial cells damaged by smoking, high BP, etc
  2. in response to damage, platelets collect and create a fibrous cap (early stage plaque = fatty streak)
  3. attraction of further buildup (advanced plaque includes LDL, WBC, connective tissues, etc)
101
Q

What is plaque?

A

deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances

102
Q

Which arteries are particularly susceptible to plaque buildup?

A

coronary arteries

103
Q

What causes coronary heart (artery) disease?

A

atherosclerosis

104
Q

What are the health consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

coronary HD
angina pectoris
heart attack
stroke

105
Q

What is a heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

A

death of heart muscle tissue

106
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

blockage of coronary artery

107
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of a heart attack?

A

pain
shortness of breath
difficulty breathing
nausea, indigestion, etc.

108
Q

Do women have different signs & symptoms of a heart attack compared to men?

A

yes

Shortness of breath
Weakness
Unusual fatigue
Cold sweat
Dizziness
Nausea
109
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

signal that heart is not receiving required oxygen

110
Q

What is a coronary thrombosis?

A

heart attack caused by a blood clot in one of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart

111
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat

112
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death?

A

arrhythmia

113
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of cardiac arrest?

A

suddenly not responsive

not breathing when you tilt head back & check for at least 5 seconds

114
Q

Which tests or methods are used to diagnose heart disease?

A 
exercise stress test + ECG
MRI
electron beam computed tomography
echocardiograms
angiograms
115
Q

How can heart disease be treated?

A 
low-fat diet
regular exercise
smoking cessation
prescription drugs
balloon angioplasty
coronary stents
coronary bypass
116
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

fluids back up in the lungs because the heart cannot pump enough blood away

117
Q

What are the treatment methods for congestive heart failure?

A

reduce workload on the heart
modify salt intake
drugs to eliminate excess fluids

118
Q

Does social isolation increase a person’s risk of dying from a CVD?

A

yes

119
Q

Is high blood pressure due to an increase in cardiac output or an increase in the resistance to blood flow in the arteries?

A

both, but usually an increase in resistance

120
Q

How does the human body obtain cholesterol?

A 
synthesized by the liver (80%)
from foods (only animal sources)
121
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterols)

122
Q

Which lipoproteins are synthesized in the small intestine after the consumption of a meal & transport dietary (exogenous) lipids from the small intestine to various tissues of the body?

A

chylomicrons

123
Q

Which lipoproteins are synthesized by the liver & transport endogenous lipids to various tissues of the body?

A

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

124
Q

Which lipoproteins are formed by the liver or from VLDLs in the blood, & transport cholesterol from the liver to the organs & tissues that require it?

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

125
Q

Which lipoproteins are formed mainly by the liver & transport cholesterol from the body’s tissue for recycling or excretion in a process known as reverse cholesterol transport?

A

high-density lipoproteins

126
Q

Which lipoproteins are known as “bad” and “good” cholesterol?

A

bad: LDL
good: HDL

127
Q

Which lipoproteins can prevent or reverse heart disease?

A

HDL

128
Q

Which lipoproteins can increase the risk of heart disease?

A

LDL

129
Q

What are ideal or desirable concentrations for LDL, HDL, & total cholesterol?

A

LDL: =1.6 mmol/L
total: <5.2 mmol/L

130
Q

What are high concentrations for LDL, HDL, & total cholesterol?

A

LDL: <6.2 mmol/L

131
Q

Do type 1 & type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing CVD?

A

yes

132
Q

Does a person with pre-diabetes or controlled diabetes have an increased risk of CVD?

A

yes

133
Q

Which risk factors that increase the risk of CVD have been identified in individuals with type 1 & type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1: unknown

type 2: 
 Elevated blood glucose levels,
Atherosclerosis,
Hypertension,
Obesity, 
Unhealthy cholesterol levels,
Unhealthy triglyceride levels, &
Platelet & blood coagulation abnormalities
134
Q

What is the main purpose of the DASH diet?

A

prevent and control hypertension

135
Q

Can the DASH dietary plan be used to lower the risk for other chronic diseases?

A

yes, such as cancer and stroke

136
Q

What are the major forms of cardiovascular disease?

A

atherosclerosis
HD & Heart Attacks
Stroke
Congestive Heart Failure

137
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. plaque buildup begins, endothelial cells damaged by smoking, high BP, etc
  2. in response to damage, platelets collect and create a fibrous cap (early stage plaque = fatty streak)
  3. attraction of further buildup (advanced plaque includes LDL, WBC, connective tissues, etc)
138
Q

What is plaque?

A

deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances

139
Q

Which arteries are particularly susceptible to plaque buildup?

A

coronary arteries

140
Q

What causes coronary heart (artery) disease?

A

atherosclerosis

141
Q

What are the health consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

coronary HD
angina pectoris
heart attack
stroke

142
Q

What is a heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

A

death of heart muscle tissue

143
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

blockage of coronary artery

144
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of a heart attack?

A

pain
shortness of breath
difficulty breathing
nausea, indigestion, etc.

145
Q

Do women have different signs & symptoms of a heart attack compared to men?

A

yes

Shortness of breath
Weakness
Unusual fatigue
Cold sweat
Dizziness
Nausea
146
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

signal that heart is not receiving required oxygen

147
Q

What is a coronary thrombosis?

A

heart attack caused by a blood clot in one of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart

148
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat

149
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death?

A

arrhythmia

150
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of cardiac arrest?

A

suddenly not responsive

not breathing when you tilt head back & check for at least 5 seconds

151
Q

Which tests or methods are used to diagnose heart disease?

A 
exercise stress test + ECG
MRI
electron beam computed tomography
echocardiograms
angiograms
152
Q

How can heart disease be treated?

A 
low-fat diet
regular exercise
smoking cessation
prescription drugs
balloon angioplasty
coronary stents
coronary bypass
153
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

fluids back up in the lungs because the heart cannot pump enough blood away

154
Q

What are the treatment methods for congestive heart failure?

A

reduce workload on the heart
modify salt intake
drugs to eliminate excess fluids

155
Q

Does social isolation increase a person’s risk of dying from a CVD?

A

yes

156
Q

Is high blood pressure due to an increase in cardiac output or an increase in the resistance to blood flow in the arteries?

A

both, but usually an increase in resistance

157
Q

How does the human body obtain cholesterol?

A 
synthesized by the liver (80%)
from foods (only animal sources)
158
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterols)

159
Q

Which lipoproteins are synthesized in the small intestine after the consumption of a meal & transport dietary (exogenous) lipids from the small intestine to various tissues of the body?

A

chylomicrons

160
Q

Which lipoproteins are synthesized by the liver & transport endogenous lipids to various tissues of the body?

A

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

161
Q

Which lipoproteins are formed by the liver or from VLDLs in the blood, & transport cholesterol from the liver to the organs & tissues that require it?

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

162
Q

Which lipoproteins are formed mainly by the liver & transport cholesterol from the body’s tissue for recycling or excretion in a process known as reverse cholesterol transport?

A

high-density lipoproteins

163
Q

Which lipoproteins are known as “bad” and “good” cholesterol?

A

bad: LDL
good: HDL

164
Q

Which lipoproteins can prevent or reverse heart disease?

A

HDL

165
Q

Which lipoproteins can increase the risk of heart disease?

A

LDL

166
Q

What are ideal or desirable concentrations for LDL, HDL, & total cholesterol?

A

LDL: =1.6 mmol/L
total: <5.2 mmol/L

167
Q

What are high concentrations for LDL, HDL, & total cholesterol?

A

LDL: <6.2 mmol/L

168
Q

Do type 1 & type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing CVD?

A

yes

169
Q

Does a person with pre-diabetes or controlled diabetes have an increased risk of CVD?

A

yes

170
Q

Which risk factors that increase the risk of CVD have been identified in individuals with type 1 & type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1: unknown

type 2: 
 Elevated blood glucose levels,
Atherosclerosis,
Hypertension,
Obesity, 
Unhealthy cholesterol levels,
Unhealthy triglyceride levels, &
Platelet & blood coagulation abnormalities
171
Q

What is the main purpose of the DASH diet?

A

prevent and control hypertension

172
Q

Can the DASH dietary plan be used to lower the risk for other chronic diseases?

A

yes, such as cancer and stroke

PHGY 350 (5 decks)

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