chapter 12 Flashcards
The position of an oscillating system exactly halfway between the maximum displacements of its oscillations.
2.rest position
Recurring back-and-forth or cyclical motion of a system in a regular time interval, called a period.
1.periodic motion
The maximum displacement from the rest position of a system experiencing periodic motion; half the distance between the extreme positions of the system
3.amplitude
One complete back-and-forth motion or rotation in periodic motion, where the system has returned to its starting point
4.cycle
A horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Also called series. b. (p. 281) The time interval required to complete one cycle of an oscillating system, measured in seconds (s) in the SI
5.period
The number of oscillations or other periodic changes completed per unit of time, measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (s–1) in the SI
6.frequency
The force that acts on an oscillating system to return it to its rest position
7.restoring force
Reducing the amplitude of periodic motion through friction or other resistance.
8.damping
The condition of an oscillating system when its amplitude increases due to reinforcement by energy added at its natural frequency; the transfer of energy from one vibrating object to another with the same natural frequency.
9.resonance
The frequency at which an oscillating object experiences resonance
10.natural frequency
A mass attached to the end of an arm suspended from a pivot point that is free to swing back and forth under the influence of gravity or other forces.
11.pendulum
A pendulum first constructed by Jean Foucault in 1851 to demonstrate that the earth rotates on its axis; any similar pendulum consisting of a large pendulum mass suspended by a long wire from a rigid support.
12.Foucalt pendulum
An oscillation in matter or mutually interacting electromagnetic fields that transfers energy from one place to another.
13.wave
A wave that travels through matter by the periodic motion of its particles
14.mechanical wave
Compared to the rest position in a waveform, the highest point of a wave (as in water waves) or the location of greatest particle density (as in sound waves)
15.crest
The lowest point of a wave compared to the rest position (as in water waves) or the location of least particle density (as in sound waves)
16.trough
Matter that oscillates as a wave travels through it. A medium is required for all mechanical waves but impedes electromagnetic waves
17.medium
A single wave cycle or a very short burst of waves
18.pulse
A wave in which the oscillations are at right angles to the direction of wave travel
19.transverse wave
A wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel.
20.longitudinal wave
In longitudinal waves, regions of maximum particle density. A compression corresponds to the crest of a transverse wave
21.compression
In longitudinal waves, regions of minimum particle density. A rarefaction corresponds to the trough of a transverse wave.
22.rarefiction
Phenomenon of a wave bouncing off a surface
23.reflection
Phenomenon that occurs when a wave’s speed changes as it moves through a boundary between different media. If its angle of incidence is other than 0° (i.e., perpendicular), the wave bends from its initial path.
24.refraction
The interaction of two or more intersecting waves, resulting in a net waveform with amplitudes and periods different from those of the interacting waves
25.interference
The interaction of interfering waves resulting in a waveform with a larger amplitude than those of the interfering waves. Most noticeable when similar waves are in phase
26.constructive interference
The interaction of interfering waves resulting in a waveform with a smaller amplitude than those of the interfering waves. Most noticeable when similar waves are out of phase
27.destructive interference
A waveform whose nodes appear to be stationary and whose crests and troughs periodically alternate between the nodes. It results when two identical waves pass through each other in opposite directions
28.standing wave
A point in a standing wave that experiences no vertical displacement. Nodes are spaced at half wavelengths apart.
29.node
A large-amplitude, slowly varying wave that is the result of interference between two continuous waves having slightly different wavelengths. It is especially noticeable in acoustic wave interference.
30.beat
The bending of waves around the edges of objects or after passing through openings or gratings
31.diffraction
The perceived difference in received frequency compared to the frequency of a wave source due to the relative motion of the observer and the source.
32.Doppler effect
The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waveforms, such as crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough.
33.wavelength
