chapter 12

Question 0

The position of an oscillating system exactly halfway between the maximum displacements of its oscillations.

Answer 0

2.rest position

Question 1

Recurring back-and-forth or cyclical motion of a system in a regular time interval, called a period.

Answer 1

1.periodic motion

Question 2

The maximum displacement from the rest position of a system experiencing periodic motion; half the distance between the extreme positions of the system

Answer 2

3.amplitude

Question 3

One complete back-and-forth motion or rotation in periodic motion, where the system has returned to its starting point

Answer 3

4.cycle

Question 4

A horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Also called series. b. (p. 281) The time interval required to complete one cycle of an oscillating system, measured in seconds (s) in the SI

Answer 4

5.period

Question 5

The number of oscillations or other periodic changes completed per unit of time, measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (s–1) in the SI

Answer 5

6.frequency

Question 6

The force that acts on an oscillating system to return it to its rest position

Answer 6

7.restoring force

Question 7

Reducing the amplitude of periodic motion through friction or other resistance.

Answer 7

8.damping

Question 8

The condition of an oscillating system when its amplitude increases due to reinforcement by energy added at its natural frequency; the transfer of energy from one vibrating object to another with the same natural frequency.

Answer 8

9.resonance

Question 9

The frequency at which an oscillating object experiences resonance

Answer 9

10.natural frequency

Question 10

A mass attached to the end of an arm suspended from a pivot point that is free to swing back and forth under the influence of gravity or other forces.

Answer 10

11.pendulum

Question 11

A pendulum first constructed by Jean Foucault in 1851 to demonstrate that the earth rotates on its axis; any similar pendulum consisting of a large pendulum mass suspended by a long wire from a rigid support.

Answer 11

12.Foucalt pendulum

Question 12

An oscillation in matter or mutually interacting electromagnetic fields that transfers energy from one place to another.

Answer 12

13.wave

Question 13

A wave that travels through matter by the periodic motion of its particles

Answer 13

14.mechanical wave

Question 14

Compared to the rest position in a waveform, the highest point of a wave (as in water waves) or the location of greatest particle density (as in sound waves)

Answer 14

15.crest

Question 15

The lowest point of a wave compared to the rest position (as in water waves) or the location of least particle density (as in sound waves)

Answer 15

16.trough

Question 16

Matter that oscillates as a wave travels through it. A medium is required for all mechanical waves but impedes electromagnetic waves

Answer 16

17.medium

Question 17

A single wave cycle or a very short burst of waves

Answer 17

18.pulse

Question 18

A wave in which the oscillations are at right angles to the direction of wave travel

Answer 18

19.transverse wave

Question 19

A wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel.

Answer 19

20.longitudinal wave

Question 20

In longitudinal waves, regions of maximum particle density. A compression corresponds to the crest of a transverse wave

Answer 20

21.compression

Question 21

In longitudinal waves, regions of minimum particle density. A rarefaction corresponds to the trough of a transverse wave.

Answer 21

22.rarefiction

Question 22

Phenomenon of a wave bouncing off a surface

Answer 22

23.reflection

Question 23

Phenomenon that occurs when a wave’s speed changes as it moves through a boundary between different media. If its angle of incidence is other than 0° (i.e., perpendicular), the wave bends from its initial path.

Answer 23

24.refraction

Question 24

The interaction of two or more intersecting waves, resulting in a net waveform with amplitudes and periods different from those of the interacting waves

Answer 24

25.interference

Question 25

The interaction of interfering waves resulting in a waveform with a larger amplitude than those of the interfering waves. Most noticeable when similar waves are in phase

Answer 25

26.constructive interference

Question 26

The interaction of interfering waves resulting in a waveform with a smaller amplitude than those of the interfering waves. Most noticeable when similar waves are out of phase

Answer 26

27.destructive interference

Question 27

A waveform whose nodes appear to be stationary and whose crests and troughs periodically alternate between the nodes. It results when two identical waves pass through each other in opposite directions

Answer 27

28.standing wave

Question 28

A point in a standing wave that experiences no vertical displacement. Nodes are spaced at half wavelengths apart.

Answer 28

29.node

Question 29

A large-amplitude, slowly varying wave that is the result of interference between two continuous waves having slightly different wavelengths. It is especially noticeable in acoustic wave interference.

Answer 29

30.beat

Question 30

The bending of waves around the edges of objects or after passing through openings or gratings

Answer 30

31.diffraction

Question 31

The perceived difference in received frequency compared to the frequency of a wave source due to the relative motion of the observer and the source.

Answer 31

32.Doppler effect

Question 32

The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waveforms, such as crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough.

Answer 32

33.wavelength