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Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

scientific study of heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

A

Fertilization

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3
Q

specific characteristic of an individual

A

Trait

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4
Q

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

A

Hybrid

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5
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring

A

Gene

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6
Q

one of a number of different forms of a gene

A

Allele

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7
Q

Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

A

Principle of dominance

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8
Q

separation of alleles during gamete formation

A

Segregation

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9
Q

sex cell

A

Gamete

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10
Q

likelihood that a particular event will occur

A

Probability

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11
Q

having two identical alleles for a particular gene

A

Homozygous

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12
Q

having two different alleles for a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

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13
Q

physical characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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14
Q

genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

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15
Q

diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross.

A

Punnet square

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16
Q

one of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

A

Independent assortment

17
Q

situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

A

Incomplete dominance

18
Q

situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed

A

codominance

19
Q

a gene that has more than two alleles

A

Multiple alleles

20
Q

trait controlled by two or more genes

A

poly Genic trait

21
Q

term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

A

Homologous

22
Q

term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

A

Diploid

23
Q

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

A

Haploid

24
Q

process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

Meiosis

25
Q

structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

A

Tetrad

26
Q

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

A

Crossing-over

Biology (11 decks)

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