Chapter 12 ( )

Question 1

Neuromuscular training of

Answer 1

• balance
• agility (changing direction)
• gait
• coordination
• proprioception
• strength
• power

Question 2

Define balance

Answer 2

• ability to keep line of gravity within the base of support

Question 3

Benefits of balance

Answer 3

• fall prevention
• ability to perform daily living activities
• maintain function independence
• reduce injury and improve quickness in athletes

Question 4

What is the definition of change of motion

Answer 4

• move line of gravity outside base, then support it with counter force

Question 5

Static balance

Answer 5

• ability to maintain balance while sitting or standing

Question 6

Dynamic balance

Answer 6

• ability to maintain balance during weight shifting

Question 7

Reactive balance

Answer 7

• ability to compensate and recover from perturbations while moving

Question 8

Functional balance

Answer 8

• ability to perform daily activities

Question 9

How does balance work?

Answer 9

• brainstem coordinates info to decide which motor functions to activate (motor control)

Question 10

Vestibular sensory information

Answer 10

• 3 semicircular canals
  - info about head orientation

Question 11

Visual sensory information

Answer 11

• in relation to the outside world

Question 12

Somatosensory (propriocetors) sensory information

Answer 12

• stretch
• pressure
• movement

Question 13

Higher brain centers balance

Answer 13

• volitional

Question 14

Define stability

Answer 14

• ease or difficulty of maintaining equilibrium

Question 15

Factors that contribute to stability

Answer 15

• base of support
• mass of the object or body
• center of mass

Question 16

Physical capabilities that affect balance

Answer 16

• muscular power and strength (counter acting forces)
• reaction times

Question 17

Extrinsic risk factors of falling

Answer 17

• lighting
• obstacles
• surface

Question 18

Physiology risk factors of falling

Answer 18

• muscle weakness
• loss of muscular power
• flexibility
• gait
• balance disorders
  - sensory organ problems

Question 19

Direct method for assessing balance

Answer 19

• computerized force plate
  - anteroposterior and mediolateral coordinates center of pressure are derived

Question 20

Computerized dynamic posturography

Answer 20

• virtual reality system used to diagnose balance problems

Question 21

Limits to stability

Answer 21

• points at which the center of mass approaches the limits of the base of support

Question 22

Indirect methods for assessing balance

Answer 22

• measure time or distance
• static balance tests

Question 23

Reactive balance test

Answer 23

• ability to compensate and recover balance in response to external unexpected perturbation

Question 24

Dynamic balance tests

Answer 24

• ability to maintain postural stability while moving

Question 25

Battery of balance tests

Answer 25

• comprehensive and include multiple tests to assess static and dynamic balance
• usually includes functional tasks mimicking daily life activities

Question 26

Tibet ti performance-oriented mobility assessment and berg balance scales are used for?

Answer 26

• assisted living communities

Question 27

Dynamic gait index

Answer 27

• measures the ability to adapt gait during movement related tasks

Question 28

Frequency for balance training

Answer 28

• 2-3 days per week

Question 29

Intensity for balance training

Answer 29

• not yet determined or able to quantify
• must be challenging or no benefits
• in control

Question 30

Time for balance training

Answer 30

• 2-8 sets, 20-40 seconds
• total: 20-30 minutes

Question 31

Type for balance training

Answer 31

• any motor skill (balance, agility, coordination, gait, receptors, or multifaceted activities
• dynamic movements that displace center of mass
• stress postural muscles

Question 32

Volume for balance training

Answer 32

• not yet determined

Question 33

Progession for balance training

Answer 33

• narrow base of support
• displace center of mass
• reduce sensory input
• multifaceted

Question 34

Activities to improve balance

Answer 34

• resistance training
• stretching
• tai chi, yoga, and Pilates