Chapter 11 - The Developing Mind

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

systematic physical growth

Question 2

germinal stage

Answer 2

first 2 weeks: conception, cell division, uterine implantation

Question 3

embryonic stage

Answer 3

2-8 weeks post-conception: major organs are formed

Question 4

fetus stage

Answer 4

weeks 9-40: continued development of all major organs

Question 5

neonatal period

Answer 5

birth - 2 weeks: newborn
- weak & dependent
- rooting & suckling
- has all senses but limited vision (can see 12 in away)
- sleep 16 hours/day

Question 6

infancy

Answer 6

2 weeks - 2 years
- 1st year = most rapid growth of entire life
- 2 months = raise head, vision increase to 12 ft
- 6 months = roll over, crawl, full vision
- 1 year = walk
- 2 years = toddle/explore

Question 7

infancy social development

Answer 7

• neonate: surprise, pleasure, distress
• 2 months: first social behavior (smile)
• 4-9 months: anger & separation anxiety
• 2 years: complex emotions (guilt/shame, attachments)

Question 8

early childhood

Answer 8

2-7 years
- improved muscle control & coordination
- full range of positive & negative emotions

Question 9

early childhood behavior

Answer 9

• 2 years = solitary play
• 2-5 years = parallel play
• 5+ years = cooperative play
  play differently based on gender

Question 10

middle childhood

Answer 10

7-11 years
- growth = slower
- improved strength & coordination
- formal education begins
- peers become more important
- most friends = same gender

Question 11

adolescence

Answer 11

• rapid physical growth & change
• peers = more important than parents
• end = unclear

Question 12

adolescent physical development

Answer 12

• puberty: developmental point where individual becomes capable of reproducing.
  primary sex characteristics:
• girls @ 12.5 = ovulation & menstruation
• boys @ 14 = production of sperm cells

Question 13

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 13

girls = fat in breasts (budding), fat in hips, pubic hair
boys = testes & penis grow, broad shoulders, deep voice, pubic & facial hair

Question 14

adolescent social development

Answer 14

peers = most influential
1. parent-child conflicts: dating, behavior, social activities
2. mood changes: shifty, extreme highs & lows
3. risky behavior: alcohol, drugs, reckless driving, sex, suicide risk

Question 15

adulthood stages

Answer 15

1. early adulthood: body continues to grow & strengthen until the end of this stage
2. age 25: body begins slow decline
3. middle-older: steady decline (impaired vision, hearing, strength)

Question 16

adulthood personality

Answer 16

as we age, on AVERAGE:
- we normally become less outgoing, emotional/anxious, & creative
- we become more agreeable, dependable, & accepting of life

Question 17

adulthood critical periods

Answer 17

climacteric: period between 45-60 years when capacity to reproduce leaves for women & declines for men
- decreased sex drive for both

Question 18

Harry Harlow

Answer 18

attachment/deprivation study
- study monkeys: contact with mother/others is needed for development
- touching infants = physical & emotional benefits

Question 19

Jean Piaget

Answer 19

all children go through 4 cognitive stages regardless of culture
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

Question 20

sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

birth to 2 years
- infants develop a sense of the world through senses & motor activity
- object permanence (6-9 months)

Question 21

preoperational stage

Answer 21

2-7 years
- child can’t perform logical mental functions but can think symbolically
- egocentrism = self-centered in thinking, can’t think of things from another person’s perspective
animism = inanimate objects = alive (active imagination)

Question 22

concrete operational stage

Answer 22

7-11 years
- children can perform logical thinking
- reversibility = can reverse operations (7+2=9 can be 9-2=7)
- conservation = recognize that volume of liquid doesn’t change when it gets put in different cups

Question 23

formal operational stage

Answer 23

11+ years
- capable of abstract thought (what if?)

Question 24

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 24

part of formal operational stage (11+ years)
- believing everyone is focused on them (self-consciousness)
- imaginary audience = everyone is watching
- personal fable = no one knows what they’re going through

Question 25

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 25

erikson; 0-1 years old
- infants learn to trust that their needs will be met OR learn to distrust the world around them

Question 26

autonomy vs shame/doubt

Answer 26

erikson; 1-3 years old
- children learn to exercise their will & to control themselves OR learn to feel shame/doubt

Question 27

initiative vs guilt

Answer 27

erikson; 3-6 years old
- children learn to initiate activities/interact OR learn to feel guilty from unexpected consequences

Question 28

industry vs inferiority

Answer 28

erikson; 6-12 years old
- children develop skills OR feel inferior/insecure

Question 29

identity vs role confusion

Answer 29

erikson; 12-20 years old
- adolescents see themselves as unique with ideas/value OR feel confused as to their purpose in life (identity crisis)

Question 30

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 30

erikson; 20-30 years old
- young adults learn to form close bonds OR feel isolated & alone

Question 31

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 31

erikson; 30-65 years
- adults work for the common good/raise children OR become self-centered & inactive

Question 32

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 32

erikson; 65-death
- old people reflect on whether life has been meaningful & feel satisfaction OR regret/despair

Question 33

Kubler-Ross dying/grief

Answer 33

1. denial: resistance to idea of death OR non-acceptance of a loved one’s death
2. anger: “why me”
3. bargaining
4. depression: sadness/guilt
5. accepts impending death, at peace