Chapter 11 SLO 3

Question 1

Acute pain

Answer 1

Pain that is sudden in onset, usually subsides when treated, and typically occurs over less than a 6-week period. (p. 167)

Question 2

Addiction

Answer 2

Strong psychological or physical dependence on
a drug or other psychoactive substance, usually resulting from habitual use, that is beyond normal voluntary control. (p. 171)

Question 3

Adjuvant analgesic drugs

Answer 3

Drugs that are added for combined therapy with a primary drug and may have additive or independent analgesic properties, or both. (p. 166)

Question 4

Agonists

Answer 4

Substances that bind to a receptor and cause a response. (p. 172)

Question 5

Agonist–antagonists

Answer 5

Substances that bind to a receptor and cause a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by agonists (also known as partial agonists). (p. 172)

Question 6

Analgesic ceiling effect

Answer 6

The effect that occurs when a particular pain drug no longer effectively controls a patient’s pain despite the administration of the highest safe dosages. (p. 172)

Question 7

Analgesics

Answer 7

Medications that relieve pain (sometimes referred to as painkillers). (p. 166)

Question 8

Antagonists

Answer 8

Substances that bind to a receptor and prevent (block) a response, resulting in inhibitory or antagonistic drug effects; also called inhibitors. (p. 173)

Question 9

Breakthrough pain

Answer 9

Pain that occurs between doses of pain medication. (p. 171)

Question 10

Cancer pain

Answer 10

Pain resulting from any of a variety of causes resulting from cancer or the metastasis of cancer. (p. 168)

Question 11

Central pain

Answer 11

Pain resulting from any disorder that causes central nervous system damage. (p. 169)

Question 12

Gate control theory

Answer 12

A common and well-described theory of pain transmission and pain relief. It uses a gate model to explain how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain. (p. 169)

Question 13

Neuropathic pain

Answer 13

Pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathological change in a nerve. (p. 168)

Question 14

Nociception

Answer 14

Processing of pain signals in the brain that gives rise to the feeling of pain. (p. 166)

Question 15

Nociceptive pain

Answer 15

Pain that arises from mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation of peripheral sensory nerves (e.g., after surgery or trauma or associated with degenerative processes). Two subtypes of nociceptive pain are visceral and somatic. (p. 166)

Question 16

Nociceptors

Answer 16

A subclass of sensory nerves (A and C fibres) that transmit pain signals to the central nervous system from other body parts. (p. 166)

Question 17

Nonopioid analgesics

Answer 17

Analgesics that are structurally and functionally different from opioids. (p. 182)

Question 18

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Answer 18

A large, chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and possess anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties but are not corticosteroids. (p. 169)

Question 19

Opiate analgesics

Answer 19

Synthetic drugs that bind to opiate receptors to relieve pain. (p. 173)

Question 20

Opioid naive

Answer 20

A description of patients who are receiving opioid analgesics for the first time or intermittently for a brief period of time and who therefore are not accustomed to their effects. (p. 176)

Question 21

Opioid tolerant

Answer 21

The opposite of opioid naive; a description of patients who have been receiving opioid analgesics (legally or otherwise) for a period of time (1 week or longer) and who are at greater risk of opioid withdrawal syndrome upon sudden discontinuation. (p. 171)

Question 22

Opioid withdrawal

Answer 22

The signs and symptoms associated with abstinence from, withdrawal of, or dose reduction of an opioid analgesic when the body has become physically
dependent on the substance. (p. 176)

Question 23

Pain

Answer 23

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

associated with actual or potential tissue damage. (p. 166)

Question 24

Pain threshold

Answer 24

The level of stimulus that results in the

sensation of pain. (p. 167)

Question 25

Pain tolerance

Answer 25

The amount of pain a patient can endure

without its interfering with normal function. (p. 167)

Question 26

Partial agonist

Answer 26

A drug that binds to a receptor and causes a

response that is less than that caused by a full agonist (also known as agonist–antagonist). (p. 173)

Question 27

Persistent pain

Answer 27

Recurring pain that is often difficult to treat. Includes any pain lasting longer than 3 to 6 months, pain lasting longer than 1 month after healing of an acute injury, or pain that accompanies a nonhealing tissue injury. (Also referred to as chronic or long-term pain). (p. 167)

Question 28

Phantom pain

Answer 28

Pain experienced in an area of the body part that has been surgically or traumatically removed. (p. 168)

Question 29

Psychological dependence

Answer 29

A pattern of compulsive use of opioids or any other addictive substance characterized by a continuous craving for the substance and the need to use it for effects other than pain relief (also called addiction). (p. 171)

Question 30

Referred pain

Answer 30

Pain occurring in an area away from the organ

of origin. (p. 168)

Question 31

Synergistic effects

Answer 31

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. (p. 171)

Question 32

Tolerance

Answer 32

A progressively decreased responsiveness to a drug, resulting in a need for a larger dose of the drug to achieve the effect originally obtained by a smaller dose. (p. 167)

Question 33

Vascular pain

Answer 33

Pain that results from pathology of the vascular or perivascular tissues. (p. 168)

Question 34

Visceral pain

Answer 34

Pain that originates from internal organs or smooth muscles. (p. 166)