Chapter 11 Positive Reinforcement Flashcards
Conditioned reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capability to function as reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers
learned during an individuals lifetime
also called secondary reinforcer or learned reinforcer
Automatic reinforcement
A behavior-reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people
generalized conditioned reinforcer
a conditioned reinforcer, that s a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers, does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement
positive reinforcement
occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, similar responses occur mor frequently in the future
positive reinforcer
the stimuls presented as a consequence and responsible for the subsequent increase in resonding
Premack principle
states that making the opportunity to engage in a behavior that occur at a relatively high free operant rate contingent on the occurrence of low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior
reinforcer assessment
a variety of direct, data-based methods used to present one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and then measuring the future effects on rate of responding
response-deprivation hypothesis
a model for predicting if access to behavior functions as reinforcement for another behavior based upon the baseline rate of each behavior and whether access to the contingent behavior is a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement
stimulus preference assessment
a variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, ad their presumed value as reinforcers
unconditioned reinforcer
a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it.
the product of the evolutionary history of a species (phylogeny) and phylogenic development of species
also called primary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer
motivating operants (MO)
environmental variables that
- alter the operant reinforcing effectiveness of some specific stimuli,objects, or events (the value altering effect)
- alter the momentary frequency of all behavior that ha ben reinforced by those stimuli, objects or event (the behavior-altering effect).
Establishing operation (EO)
An MO that increases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer
adding the EO to a discriminated operant results in a four-term contingency
basically EO determines what an individual want at any particular moment
ex. food deprivation makes food more effective as a reinforcer
Abolishig operaion (AO)
an MO tat decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer
EX. food ingestion reduces the effectiveness of food as a reinforcer
discriminative stimulus SD
an antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response class
responding in the presence o the SD produces reinforcement, an responding in the SD absence (a conditioned called stimulus delta S^) does not
under stimulus control once a person learns to make more responses in the presence of the SD than in its absence
with the addition of the SD, the two-term contingency for reinforcement is transformed to the three-term contingency of the discriminated operant
free operant observation
observing and recording what activities the target person engages in hen she can choose during a period of unrestricted access to numerous activities
trial-based methods
stimuli are presented to the learner in a series of trials and the learner`s responses to the stimuli are measured as an index of preference
approach responses typically include any detectable movement by the person toward the stimulus, a contact is tallied each time the person touches or holds the stimulus, and engagement is a measure of the total time or percentage of observed intervals in which the person interacts with the stimulus
progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement
provide a framework for assessing the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcement as response requirements increase. the response requirement for reinforcement are increased systematically over time independent of the participant`s behavior
Control
demonstrated by comparing response rates in the absence and presence of a contingency, and then showing that with the asence ad presence of the contingency the behavior can be turned on and off, or up and down.
Control condition is the absence of the contingency
Experimental condition is the presence of the reinforcement contingency
noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)
the presentation of a potential reinforcer on a fixed-time FT or variable-tim VT schedule independent of the occurrence of the target behavior
Thomas and Iwata (2005) concluded this condition provides the ideal control procedures for positive reinforcement
Reversal technique entails at minimum 5 phases:
ABCBC- A is the baseline condition, B is an NCR conditio, where the potential reinforcer is presented on a fixed-or variable-interval schedule independent of the target behavior and C is a condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on he occurrence of the target behavior
persistent responding is a limitation of this procedure
Differential reinforcement of other behavior DRO
delivers a potential reinforcer whenever the target behavior has not occurred during a set time interval. Allows for the continued presentation of the reinforcement contingency during the reversal phases of the control procedure.
Reversal technique includes minimum of 5 phases:
ABCBC- A is a baseline condition, B is a reinforcement condition, in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior and C is the control condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the absence of the target behavior
Differential reinforcement of an alternative behavio (DRA)
used as a control condition, the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on occurrences of a desirable alternative to the target behavior
reversal includes minimum of 5 phases:
ABCBC- A is baseline condition, B is reinforcement condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior and C is a condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the occurrence of an alternative behavior
