Chapter 11 Organic chem Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions and preparation of carbon-containing compounds
What unique ability does carbon have regarding bonding?
Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in long chains.
Name three areas where organic compounds are vital.
- Pharmaceuticals
- Detergents
- Dyes and pigments
- Cosmetics
- Plastics
- Agricultural chemicals
Hydrocarbon
Compound containing C and H atoms only
Saturated hydrocarbons
Only contains carbon to carbon single bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
Which bonds does the term ‘multiple bonds’ include
Double or tripple
Homologous series
Family of compounds with similar chemical properties who successive members differ by the addition of a –CH2- group
Functional group
A part of the organic molecule largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
Nomenclature?
Naming
What are the three classifications of hydrocarbons?
Alicyclic, Aliphatic, Aromatic
Define alicyclic hydrocarbons and example
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a non-aromatic ring, with or without branches e.g cyclohexane.
Define aliphatic hydrocarbons and example
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings, e.g hexane and octane.
Define aromatic hydrocarbons and examples
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring, e.g benzene and toluene.
Wheree is there an overlap withing the 3 classifications for hydrocarbons
Alicyclic can also be classified as aliphatic
Benzene ring?
Ring of 6C with 1H branch on each C
Single bonds between Cs
One C e- delocalised from each C
3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkyne?
Hydrocarbons containing at least one tripple carbon to carbon bond
3 components of a name for aliphatic hydrocarbons
prefix(optional): indicates presence of side chains or FG
Stem: Indicates number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of the molecule
suffix: Indicatds FGs
Name for side chains on aliphatic hydrocarbons?
alkyl groups (CnH2n+1)
When two or more side chains are the same..
..use prefixes di- ,tri- ,tetra- before the alkyl group
If two or more side chains are diff..
..put the names (with the number) of the alkyl group as prefixes in alphabetical order
To show position of an alkyl group..
..and numbers before them using lowest numbering
How should letters and numbers be separated vs numbers and numbers
L to N: dash
N to N: comma
2 additional rules when naming alicyclic alkanes?
and cyclo as a prefix (after any side chains)
If only one side chain is present it needs no number bc it is considered to be on C 1
Additional step for naming alkenes
Identify location of double bond using lowest numbering
Goes between stem pan suffix (FG name)
when naming alkenes, why do we always number the carbons with he lowest numbering to accommodate the C=C
Bc any side chains (alkyl groups) are not actually FGs
