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CISSP > Chapter 11: Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

protocol

A

set of rules dictate how computers communicate over networks

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2
Q

Layer 7

A

application layer; services and protocols required by user’s applications for networking functionality

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3
Q

Layer 6

A

presentation layer; standardizes data format and deals with syntax of data, not the meaning

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4
Q

Layer 5

A

session layer; sets, maintains, and breaks down the dialog (session) between two applications; controls the dialog organization and synchronization

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5
Q

Layer 4

A

transport layer; provides end-to-end encryption

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6
Q

Layer 3

A

network layer; routing, addressing, and fragmentation of packets; can determine alternative routes to avoid network congestion; where routers work

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7
Q

Layer 2

A

Data link layer; prepares data for the network medium by framing it; where the different LAN and WAN technologies work

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8
Q

Layer 1

A

physical layer; provides physical connections for transmission and performs the electrical encoding of data; transforms bits to electrical signals

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9
Q

network topology

A

the arrangement of computers and devices

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10
Q

bus topology

A

a single cable runs the entire length of the network and nodes attach to it through drop points

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11
Q

star topology

A

all nodes connect to a central device like a switch using a dedicated link

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12
Q

mesh topology

A

all nodes are connected to each other in a non-uniform manner which provides multiple paths to most or all the nodes on the network

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13
Q

ring topology

A

a series of devices connect by unidirectional transmission links and form a closed loop that does not connect to a central system

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14
Q

Ethernet uses …

A

CSMA/CD

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15
Q

CSMA/CD

A

all computers compete for a shared network cable, listen to learn when they can transmit data and are susceptible to data collisions

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16
Q

Token Ring

A

IEEE 802.5; an older LAN implementation which uses a token-passing technology

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17
Q

FDDI

A

A LAN and MAN tech; used for backbones; which used token-passing tech and has redundant rings in case the primary ring goes down

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18
Q

TCP/IP

A

suite of protocols which is the de facto standard for transmitting data across the Internet

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19
Q

TCP

A

reliable, connection-oriented protocol

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20
Q

IP

A

unreliable, connectionless protocol

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21
Q

Encapsulation

A

each layer add its own information as data travels down the network stack on the source computer; the process is reversed on the destination computer so the corresponding layer knows how to process the data

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22
Q

Two main protocol at the transport layer

A

TCP and UDP

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23
Q

UDP

A

connectionless protocol which does not send or receive acknowledgments when a datagram is received; does not ensure data arrives at its destination; provides “best-effort” delivery

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24
Q

TCP

A

connection-oriented protocol which sends and receives acknowledgments; ensures data arrives at the destination

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25
Q

ARP

A

translates the IP address into a MAC address (physical Ethernet address)

26
Q

RARP

A

translates a MAC address into an IP address

27
Q

ICMP

A

works at the network layer; informs hosts, routers, and devices of network or computer problems; major component of the ping utility

28
Q

DNS

A

resolves hostnames into IP addresses and has distributed databases all over the Internet to provide name resolution

29
Q

ARP poisoning

A

altering an ARP table so an IP address is mapped to a different MAC address; can redirect traffic to an attacker’s computer or an unattended system

30
Q

Routers

A

link two or more network segments, where each segment functions as an independent network; work at the network layer with IP addresses, and have more network knowledge than bridges, switches, or repeaters

31
Q

IPv4

A

32 bits for its addresses

32
Q

IPv6

A

128 bits for its addresses; provides more possible addresses with which to work

33
Q

NAT

A

used when orgs do not want systems to know internal hosts’ addresses and enables orgs to use private, nonroutable IP addresses

34
Q

subnetting

A

allows large IP address ranges to be divided into smaller, logical, and easier-to-maintain network segments

35
Q

dedicated links

A

the most expensive type of WAN connectivity method because the fee is based on the distance between the two destinations rather than on the amount of bandwidth used

36
Q

dedicated link examples

A

T1 and T3

37
Q

Frame relay and X.25

A

packet-switched WAN technologies which use virtual circuits instead of dedicated ones

38
Q

ATM

A

transfers data in fixed cells, WAN technology, and transmits data at very high rates; supports voice, data, and video applications

39
Q

circuit-switching technology

A

set up a circuit to be used during data transmission sessions

40
Q

packet-switching technologies

A

do not set up circuits; packets travel along many different routes to arrive at the same destination

41
Q

Three main types of multiplexing

A

statistical time division, frequency division, and wave division

42
Q

Access layer

A

connects the customer’s equipment to a service provider’s aggregation network

43
Q

Aggregation

A

occurs on a distribution network

44
Q

metro layer

A

metropolitan area network

45
Q

Systems built on the OSI model are considered … systems

A

open

46
Q

Open system built on the OSI model means

A

built with internationally accepted protocols and standards so they can easily communicate with other systems

47
Q

networking stack

A

conceptual model to describe where different functionalities take place and where different protocols live and carry out those specific functions; OSI model helps describe the networking stack with 7 layers

48
Q

Protocol::Layer ARP::…

A

Data Link; Layer 2

49
Q

Protocol::Layer IP::…

A

Network Layer; Layer 3

50
Q

Protocol::Layer UDP:: …

A

Transport; Layer 4

51
Q

Protocol::Layer TFTP:: …

A

Application; Layer 7

52
Q

what happens in data link layer

A

layer 2 is where framing happens; only layer that understands the environment in which the system is working: Ethernet, Token Ring, wireless, connection to a WAN link; adds necessary headers and trailers to the frame; other systems on the same type of network using the same technology understand only the specific header and trailer format used in their data link technology

53
Q

what happens at the session layer

A

diaglog control; layer 5 is responsible for controlling how applications communicate (not all applications use protocols that work at the session layer so this layer is not always used in networking functions); session layer protocol sets up the connection to the other application logically and controls the dialog back and forth; session layer protocols allow applications to keep track of the dialog

54
Q

IP protocol

A

connectionless; deals with addressing and routing of packets; works at the network layer (Layer 3); adds source and destination addresses to a packet as it goes through its data encapsulation process; IP can also make routing decisions based on the destination address

55
Q

DHCP lease process

A

DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, DHCPACK

56
Q

DHCPDISCOVER message

A

used to request an IP address lease from a DHCP server

57
Q

DHCPOFFER message

A

a response to a discover message and sent by one or numerous DHCP servers

58
Q

DHCPREQUEST message

A

client sends this message to the initial DHCP server which responded to its request

59
Q

DHCPACK message

A

sent by the DHCP server to the DHCP client and is the process whereby the DHCP server assigns the IP address lease to the DHCP client

60
Q

effective method to shield networks from unauthenticated DHCP clients is use of … on network switches

A

DHCP snooping

CISSP (29 decks)

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