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Personality Psychology > CHAPTER 11: Motives and Personality > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11: Motives and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following terms best describes a state of tension within a person that is usually caused by a lack of something?

A) Alpha press
B) Motive
C) Beta Press
D) Need

A

D) Need

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2
Q

Life Dispositional psychologists, motive psychologists stress that:

A) people differ from one another in the type and strength of their motives

B) Differences b/w people are measurable

C) Differences b/w people cause or are associated with important life outcomes

D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct

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3
Q

Motives satisfy needs with:

A) thoughts and fantasies
B) behaviours
C) thoughts, fantasies, behaviours
D) none of the answers are correct

A

C) thoughts, fantasies, behaviours

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4
Q

Which of the following questions do motivational psychologists ask?

A) What are people like?
B) What do people want?
C) What do people do?
D) Why do people like what they like?

A

B) What do people want?

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5
Q

Which of the following terms best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behaviour toward specific objects or goals?

A) need
B) desire
C) motive
D) press

A

C) motive

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6
Q

Which of the following psychologists was one of the first to develop a modern theory of motivation?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Henry Murray
D) David McClelland

A

C) Henry Murray

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7
Q

Henry Murray assumed that needs varied:

A) over time
B) based on situations
C) between people
D) All are correct

A

D) All are correct

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8
Q

According to Henry Murray, people might actually seek to increase tension:

A) only if they suffer from mental illness

B) because they want to seek attention from others

C) in order to experience the pleasure of reducing that tension

D) none are correct

A

C) in order to experience the pleasure of reducing that tension

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9
Q

The idea that an individual’s various needs can be thought of as existing at different levels of strength is referred to as:

A) the hierarchy of needs
B) press
C) motive constellations
D) the need tree

A

A) the hierarchy of needs

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10
Q

Why do we think of motives as dynamic?

A) levels of needs decrease with age
B) some motives exhibit gender differences
C) various motives interact with one another within a person
D) everyone has at least 2 motives

A

C) various motives interact with one another within a person

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11
Q

According to Henry Murray, which of the following terms best refers to need-relevant aspects of an individual’s environment?

A) Parsimony
B) Apperception
C) Flow
D) Press

A

D) Press

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12
Q

The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is term:

A) integration
B) apperception
C) self-actualisation
D) motivation

A

B) apperception

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13
Q

Which of the following is an essential feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A) Subjects are made to sit in a darkened room and watch a glowing rod surrounded by a glowing square frame

B) Subjects are given a list of human acts and asked to categorise them under different personality traits

C) Subjects are given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe and interpret what is going on.

D) Subjects are given a pair of statements and asked to indicate which statement in the pair is more true of them

A

C) Subjects are given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe and interpret what is going on.

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14
Q

Beta press refers to the:

A) objective features of an environment

B) Subjective features of an environment

C) strength of a need

D) strength of a motive

A

B) Subjective features of an environment

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15
Q

____ refers to the objective features of an environment

A) Alpha press
B) Beta press
C) A need
D) A motive

A

A) Alpha press

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16
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by:

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Hermann Rorschach
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan

A

D) Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan

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17
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed in the:

A) 1860s
B) 1950s
C) 1930s
D) 1970s

A

C) 1930s

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18
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a(n):

A) self-report questionnaire
B) intelligence inventory
C) psychopathology index
D) projective assessment technique

A

D) projective assessment technique

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19
Q

McClelland described two different types of motivation, which are:

A) internal motivation and external motivation
B) alpha press and beta press
C) implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation
D) conscious motivation and unconscious motivation

A

C) implicit motivation and self-attributed

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20
Q

Some researchers have criticised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) because:

A) it has poor test re-test reliability

B) responses to one picture may not correlate with responses to other pictures

C) it has poor internal reliability

D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct

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21
Q

Spangler found that the ___ was a better predictor for long-term outcomes, and the ___ was a better predictor of short-term responses.

A) interview method; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

B) Thematic Apperception test (TAT); interview method

C) Questionnaire method: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); questionnaire method

A

D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); questionnaire method

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22
Q

The Multi-Motive Grid is:

A) A term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives

B) A procedure used to assess alpha press and beta press

C) A relatively new technique used to assess motives

D) an idea that our needs and motives influence apperception

A

C) A relatively new technique used to assess motives

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23
Q 
The name most associated with research on the need for achievement (nAch) is:
A) David McClelland
B) David Winter
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Dan McAdams
A

A) David McClelland

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24
Q

People high in the need for achievement (nAch) are very concerned with:

A) having an impact
B) making money
C) doing things better
D) helping other people

A

C) doing things better

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25
Q

The big three motives are based on needs for:

A) sex, aggression, and play
B) competence, sex, and aggression
C) self-esteem, self-expression, and reality
D) achievement, power, and intimacy

A

D) achievement, power, and intimacy

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26
Q

People who score high in the need for achievement (nAch) prefer tasks with a ___ level of difficulty

A) low
B) high
C) moderate
D) none of the answers are correct

A

C) moderate

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27
Q

People who score high on the need for achievement (nAch):

A) prefer moderately challenging activities
B) enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes
C) prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available
D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct

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28
Q

According to Andrews (1967), students with a high need for achievement (nAch) are most likely to:

A) speak with a professor prior to their exams

B) use few job-seeking strategies after they graduation

C) investigate course requirements immediately after enrolling in a class

D) start looking for a job without waiting to receive feedback about their academic performance

A

A) speak with a professor prior to their exams

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29
Q

In the context of cultural differences in how the need for achievement (nAch) is expressed, the psychologist Demerath found that in Papua New Guinea ____.

A) students were taught to value individuals achievement more than group achievement

B) Parents of high-achieving students had them classified as special-education students

C) schools were seen as non-competitive places where it was important for all to do well

D) students viewed cheating as a common and acceptable practice

A

C) schools were seen as non-competitive places where it was important for all to do well

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30
Q

In the context of determining sex differences, which of the following is a major difference between men and women high in need for achievement (nAch)?

A) preference for moderate challenge
B) Personal responsibility for an outcome
C) Tasks with feedback
D) childhood experiences

A

D) childhood experiences

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31
Q

When studying childhood experiences associated with the need for achievement (nAch), Jerome Kagan and Moss (1962) found that:

A) mothers of schoolgirls high in nAch were highly affectionate toward their daughters

B) Mothers of girls high in nAch were competitive toward their daughters

C) women whose parents had separated when they were children had lower nAch

D) women whose parents had divorces during their childhood were less likely to be drawn to potentially risky careers

A

B) Mothers of girls high in nAch were competitive toward their daughters

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32
Q

Independence training is thought to promote a

A) need for power
B) need for achievement
C) need for intimacy
D) none of the answers are correct

A

B) need for achievement

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33
Q

Heckhauden (1982) suggests that when setting challenging standards for a child to promote achievement motivation, parents should ____

A) emphasise the child’s ability over his or her effort
B) set a goal that exceeds the child’s abilities
C) install a fear of failure
D) reward the child when a goal is attained

A

D) reward the child when a goal is attained

34
Q

The name most associated with the research on the need or power is:

A) David McClelland
B) David Winter
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Dan McAdams

A

B) David Winter

35
Q

According to Donhauser, Rosch, and Schultheiss (2015), which of the following is a characteristic of people high on need for power?

A) They are faster at recognising facial expressions of emotions in other
B) They avoid ostentatious displays of valued personal possessions
C) They discourage others from reacting to them with admiration
D) They prefer as friends people who are well known or popular

A

A) They are faster at recognising facial expressions of emotions in other

36
Q

_____ who score high on the need for power tend to be more impulsive and aggressive

A) people who score high on the need for achievement
B) women
C) men
D) both men and women

A

C) men

37
Q

unlike men Low in need for power, men high in need for power are most likely to ___

A) have satisfying dating relationships
B) engage in sex at an earlier age
C) have low divorce rates
D) desire independent women as their ideal wives

A

B) engage in sex at an earlier age

38
Q

Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited?

A) Achievement
B) Intimacy
C) Power
D) none of the above

A

C) Power

39
Q 
The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy is:
A) David McClelland
B) David Winter
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Dan McAdams
A

A) David McClelland

40
Q

Unlike people low in need for intimacy, people in in intimacy are most likely to:

A) write less letters and have many good friends
B) report more pleasant emotions when they are around other people
C) spend more time during the day thinking about ways to make money to sustain their relationships
D) be loud, outgoing, life-of-the-part extraverts

A

B) report more pleasant emotions when they are around other people

41
Q

___ had been associated with having a satisfying job and family life

A) need for intimacy
B) need for power
C) need for achievement
D) All of the above

A

A) need for intimacy

42
Q

People high in the need for intimacy tend to:

A) have a few close friends
B) have more friends than people low in the need for intimacy
C) be physically attractive
D) be extraverted

A

A) have a few close friends

43
Q

On average, women have a higher ____ than men

A) need for power
B) need for intimacy
C) need for achievement
D) all of the above

A

B) need for intimacy

44
Q

The humanistic tradition is most associated with the:

A) motive to self-actualise
B) need for power
C) need for intimacy
D) need for achievement

A

A) motive to self-actualise

45
Q

Unlike psychoanalysis, the humanistic tradition provides a(n)___ view of human nature

A) confused
B) optimistic
C) pessimistic
D) open-minded

A

C) pessimistic

46
Q

The humanist tradition emphasises:

A) free will
B) personal responsibility
C) growth
D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

47
Q

Which of the following is a growth-based motive?

A) power
B) achievement
C) intimacy
D) self-actualisation

A

D) self-actualisation

48
Q

According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly lists needs for weakest to strongest?

A) physiological, esteem, belongingness, safety, self-actualization

B) Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualisation

C) self-actualisation, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological

D) self-actualisation, safety, belongingness, esteem, physiological

A

C) self-actualisation, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological

49
Q

Examples of physiological needs are:

A) food and air
B) shelter and security
C) respect and achievement
D) love and acceptance

A

A) food and air

50
Q

Examples of safety needs are?

A) food and air
B) shelter and security
C) respect and achievement
D) love and acceptance

A

B) shelter and security

51
Q

Who among the following theorised the hierarchy of needs?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Abraham Maslow
C) David Winter
D) David McClelland

A

B) Abraham Maslow

52
Q

Abraham Maslow thought that ___ needs are usually satisfied before people proceed to satisfy other needs.

A) esteem
B) physiological
C) self-actualisation
D) safety

A

B) physiological

53
Q

Needs at the ___ of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy are more powerful when not satisfied.

A) top
B) bottom
C) middle
D) top and bottom

A

B) bottom

54
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A) needs toward the top of the hierarchy are more relevant to survival than needs lower in the hierarchy

B) the higher-level needs emerge earlier than the lower-level needs during the course of human development

C) safety needs include needs that are of prime importance to the immediate survival of an individual

D) the lower-level needs must be satisfied before proceeding to satisfy the higher-level needs

A

D) the lower-level needs must be satisfied before proceeding to satisfy the higher-level needs

55
Q

Loneliness is a sign that ___ needs are not being satisfied

A) belongingness
B) safety
C) esteem
D) self-actualisation

A

A) belongingness

56
Q

Example of esteem needs are:

A) food and air
B) shelter and security
C) respect and achievement
D) love and acceptance

A

C) respect and achievement

57
Q

Which of the following terms best describes the act of becoming the person once was meant to be?

A) self-actualisation
B) self-esteem
C) the idiographic approach
D) positive regard

A

A) self-actualisation

58
Q

Maslow estimated that about ___ percent of the population are growth motivated and are working on becoming all that they can become.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50

A

A) 1

59
Q

____ is defined as a subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue, and everything else but the activity itself.

A) power stress
B) flow
C) anxiety
D) distortion

A

B) flow

60
Q

According to a study that compared groups defined in terms of where they stood on Abraham Maslow’s need hierarchy in terms of overall happiness, people working on higher-level needs ___ compared to people working on more basic needs

A) are less happy
B) are happier
C) are no different in terms of overall happiness
D) sleep more

A

C) are no different in terms of overall happiness

61
Q

Abraham Maslow conducted case studies of a number of people:

A) in over a dozen countries
B) who he knew personally
C) who he thought were self-actualisers
D) at each of the hierarchically-organised levels

A

C) who he thought were self-actualisers

62
Q

Who among the following developed client-centered therapy?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Henry Murray
D) David McClelland

A

A) Carl Rogers

63
Q

Carl Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be:

A) miserable
B) slightly unhappy
C) fully self-actualised
D) fully functioning

A

D) fully functioning

64
Q

A fully functioning person:

A) has met physiological and safety needs
B) has achieved self-actualisation
C) is moving toward the goal of self-actualisation
D) rejects experiences that are incongruent with his or her goals

A

B) has achieved self-actualisation

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualising people?

A) they are spontaneous
B) they have an affinity for solitude
C) they are creative
D) they are well enculturated

A

D) they are well enculturated

66
Q

People who are self-actualising are usually:

A) famous
B) wealthy
C) creative
D) all of the above

A

C) creative

67
Q

Carl Rogers described the in-born need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for:

A) conditions of worth
B) positive regard
C) intimacy
D) attachment

A

B) positive regard

68
Q

A parent may withhold love from children unless they earn good grades. Carl Rogers would cite this as an example of:

A) bullying
B) positive regard
C) conditions of worth
D) low need for intimacy

A

C) conditions of worth

69
Q

According Carl Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may:

A) lose touch with their own desires and wants
B) work primarily for approval from others
C) distort their shortcomings
D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

70
Q

According to carl Rogers, good parents should:

A) provide their children unconditional positive regard
B) set firm goals for their children
C) try to self-actualise their child
D) all of the above

A

B) set firm goals for their children

71
Q

People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience:

A) conditions of worth
B) unconditional positive self-regard
C) positive regard
D) conditional positive regard

A

B) unconditional positive self-regard

72
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of adults who experienced many conditions of worth in their childhood?

A) They work out of their own sense of self-direction
B) They remain entered on their own desires and wants
C) They act in ways that make others unhappy and miserable
D) They remain preoccupied with what others think of them

A

D) They remain preoccupied with what others think of them

73
Q

According to Carl Rogers, anxiety is a result of:

A) positive regard
B) distorting one’s experiences
C) having an experience that does not fit with one’s self-conception
D) experiencing conditions of worth

A

C) having an experience that does not fit with one’s self-conception

74
Q

To reduce your anxiety, Carl Rogers would recommend that you:

A) change your self-concept
B) engage in distortion
C) use more empathy
D) all of the above

A

A) change your self-concept

75
Q

The term that best describes the act of altering an experience rather than one’s self-image to reduce threat is:

A) conditions of worth
B) distortion
C) anxiety
D) reflection

A

B) distortion

76
Q

Which of the following defence mechanisms did Carl Rogers emphasise?

A) Reaction formation
B) sublimation
C) distortion
D) projection

A

C) distortion

77
Q

Carl Roger’s client-centered therapy is designed to:

A) Get a person back on the path to self-actualization
B) interpret a person’s problems
C) solve a person’s problems
D) all of the above

A

A) Get a person back on the path to self-actualization

78
Q

Which of the following is a core condition for client-centered therapy?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) genuine acceptance
C) empathetic understanding
D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

79
Q 
Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy?
A) A mirror
B) A steamroller
C) A puzzle
D) A textbook
A

A) A mirror

80
Q

Understanding a person from his or her point of view is best referred to as:

A) A positive regard
B) Genuine acceptance
C) Empathy
D) Reflection

A

C) Empathy

81
Q

Which of the following statements about empathy is supported by research?

A) Empathy is moderately heritable
B) Empathy can be taught effectively
C) it is easier to teach empathy to women than men
D) All of the above

A

B) Empathy can be taught effectively

82
Q

Research suggests that people who score high on measures of empathy:

A) are better at giving positive regard
B) tend to be male
C) are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling
D) cannot improve their empathy skills with practice

A

C) are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling

Personality Psychology (5 decks)

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