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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 11; Language > Flashcards

Chapter 11; Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Semanticity

A

Language signals ”mean” something

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2
Q

Duality of Patterning

A

words are made of smaller meaningless units that are put together to mean something

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3
Q

Displacement

A

Language can be used to talk about things that aren’t
present (in space and/or time)

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4
Q

Productivity

A

Can be used to say something that has never been said before.

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5
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

Language is taught

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6
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of distinct sound in a
language

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7
Q

Perceptual Tuning

A

Some pairs of sounds get “lumped” together in one language but treated as different phonemes in another.

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8
Q

Sound Symbolism

A

Agreement that some sounds are better fits for certain meanings

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9
Q

What is one explanation for sound symbolism

A

an evolved association between high pitches and small things

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10
Q

Mental lexicon

A

our internal storehouse of the words in our vocabulary

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11
Q

Word Frequency Effect

A

Faster to process high-frequency words

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12
Q

Concreteness Effect:

A

Faster to process concrete vs. abstract words

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13
Q

Embodied Effects

A

Faster to process words that involve the human body

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14
Q

Challenges in word processing

A

-Variable pronunciation
-Finding word boundaries in constant speech stream
-Word forms can have multiple meanings

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15
Q

Variable Pronunciation

A

Words can be pronounced differently based on the words around them

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16
Q

Speech Segmentation

A

Spoken language doesn’t have breaks between words

17
Q

Transitional Probabilities

A

The statistical patterns of how often a pair of syllables go together within a word vs. between a pair of words, in a language

18
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A

Words can have more than one meaning.

19
Q

Balanced Dominance

A

Different meanings are equally frequent

20
Q

Biased Dominance

A

One meaning is more frequent than the others

21
Q

Syntax

A

The structure of sentences convey meaning.

22
Q

Parsing

A

grouping words into phrases

23
Q

Garden path sentences

A

lead the reader into an interpretation that ends up being incorrect. They have to then go back and correct their interpretation.

24
Q

heuristics

A

rules of thumb; mental shortcuts that let us make
decisions quickly; not always correct

25
Q

Principle of late closure

A

when encountering a new
word, a person assumes it is added to the current phrase

26
Q

Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing

A

Various other factors play a role in how a sentence is
parsed, providing “constraints” on possible
interpretations.
-word meaning and context can influence parsing

27
Q

situation model

A

a simulation of the perceptual and motor features of the story

28
Q

Motion

A

Passage describes object moving
towards or away from character.
Participants then see object moving
towards or away from them. Again,
have to verify if it matches the story
Faster to respond if the stimulus
movement matched the one
described in the passage

29
Q

Clarity

A

Describe character viewing
object clearly (e.g., clear
goggles), or through something
unclear (e.g., foggy goggles)
Faster to verify clear picture
after clear situation; degraded
picture after unclear situation

30
Q

Given-New Contract

A

Speakers should construct sentences so that they include given
information (information a person already knows) and new
information (information the listener is hearing for the first time

31
Q

Common Ground

A

Taking the knowledge and beliefs among conversational
partners into account

32
Q

Entrainment

A

Synchronization between speaker

33
Q

Multimodal

A

Language use in the real world involves a variety of cues
beyond words themselves that help with acquisition,
processing and production.

34
Q

Gestures

A

Co-speech gestures can help process language

35
Q

Prosody

A

Acoustic features that accompany speech
(e.g., intonation, rhythm).
These can also be used to convey meaning

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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