Chapter 11 - Intro to Organic

Question 1

what is the difference between empirical, molecular and general formulae?

Answer 1

Empirical uses a ratio of the lowest number of molecules in each compound, whereas molecular uses the total number of each element present in a compound. General however is a formula given in terms of n which describes how many of each element would be present based on the functional group present

Question 2

What is the difference between structural, displayed and skeletal formulae

Answer 2

Structural is still using the letters for each element, however they are given in the sequence of carbons in the chain. Displayed is the molecule drawn out with the letters which displays the bonds present, whereas skeletal performs a similar function however C is replaced by vertices between bonds and H is removed because its presence can be assumed.

Question 3

Which terms describes molecules with the same functional group and different chain lengths?

Answer 3

A homologous series.

Question 4

What are the three steps in the lifespan of a free radical?

Answer 4

Inititiation, propagation and termination

Question 5

Explain the steps from U.V light hitting a chlorine atom, to it reacting with a methane atom and then terminating

Answer 5

Chlorine Is hit by the U.V light and the bond between them breaks heterolytically. This chlorine radical then breaks the C - H bond to form HCl and a methyl radical.

Question 6

What is isomerism?

Answer 6

The same number of molecules present in a compound (same molecular formula) but in a different arrangement.

Question 7

What types of isomerism are there?

Answer 7

Positional isomerism - functional groups in different places
Chain isomerism - different branching of the chains
Functional group - different functional groups

Question 8

What are the functional group isomer equivalents?

Answer 8

Ketones - aldehydes
Esters - carboxylic acids
Alkenes - cycloalkanes

Question 9

What is stereoisomerism?

Answer 9

Stereoisomerism two compounds have the same structural formula but are arranged differently in space.

Question 10

How does E-Z isomerism occur in alkenes?

Answer 10

The double bonds present between the C-C mean that 2 p orbitals are held above the carbon atoms which prevents rotation.