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APHUG > Chapter 11 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hearth of modern industry? Where did it diffuse from there?

A

northern England and southern Scotland, it then diffused throughout Europe

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2
Q

Industrial Revolution-

A

transformed goods from the cottage industry to manufacturing goods

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3
Q

Cottage Industry-

A

Home based manufacturing

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4
Q

Watt Steam Engine (and impact of) –

A

produced a lot of power which concentrated all manufacturing processes, steps in one factory

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5
Q

Early industries impacted by the Industrial Revolution-

A

iron, textiles, chemicals for bleach and dye, food progressing

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6
Q

economies of scale-

A

a proportionate saving in cost gained be an increased level of production

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7
Q

How did the industrial revolution contribute to the Age of Imperialism/Colonialism?

A

there was a desire to acquire new goods and resources for production, there was a desire to acquire markets to sell goods

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8
Q

Energy/power prior to fossil fuels:

A

animate power or power supplied by animals and people, wood was also a big source of energy

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9
Q

Fossil fuels:

A

energy formed by residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago, non-renewable

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10
Q

Examples of fossil fuels

A

coal, petroleum, and natural gas

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11
Q

One-half of the world’s industrial output comes from what 4 countries?

A

Japan, U.S., China, Germany

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12
Q

What are SEZs?

A

special economic zones, area in a country that has different economic laws

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13
Q

What countries make up the four “Asian Tigers” (sometimes called “Asian Dragons”)?

A

South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong

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14
Q

In terms of trade/economics, what is a complementary process (also called complementarity)?

A

measures the degree to which the export pattern of one country matches another. This makes a good trade relationship

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15
Q

What is a trade imbalance?

A

when one country exports more than another than it imports from that country

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16
Q

Explain the concept of comparative advantage

A

situation where one producer can produce a good or service, at a lower cost

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17
Q

Site factors include

A

labor, capitol, and land

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18
Q

situation factors include

A

proximity to markets and inputs

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19
Q

When/why would a company locate its factory closer to inputs? Closer to markets?

A

close to inputs- near resources, cheaper labor, the closer to markets means less transportation costs

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20
Q

bulk-reducing industry-

A

The original product weighs more compared to the final product, Lumber yard, copper industry. Locators near sources of inputs

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21
Q

bulk-gaining industry-

A

coke, makes something that gains volume and weight during production

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22
Q

single-market manufacturers-

A

when companies only give one product to a single costumer

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23
Q

Give examples of perishable-product companies:

A

bakers and milk bottlers, must be close to market

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24
Q

How has steel production shifted from 1980 to 2013?

A

share of the world steel production declined 27% in developed countries, and increased 73% in developing countries

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25
Q

break-of-bulk point-

A

a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible

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26
Q

What is containerization?

A

where they put products in containers and put into the mode of transportation

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27
Q

just in time delivery-

A

where products will arrive at a factory just before they are needed to be used

28
Q

Site factors relate to what costs?

A

Production costs

29
Q

labor-intensive industry

A

an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to workers constitute a high percentage of expenses

30
Q

Wages paid to manufacturing workers:

A

$35 in developed countries

$2 in some developing countries

31
Q

the motor vehicle industry labor intensive?

A

no it is not the textile industry is more intensive

32
Q

Define capital-

A

the funds to establish new factories or modernize existing ones

33
Q

Identify key contemporary factory location factors.

A

large amount of room, close to railroads, near highways

`

34
Q

textiles-

A

woven fabric manufacturing

35
Q

What type of laborers are required in the textile industry?

A

low skill labor

36
Q

Is the textile industry labor or capital intensive?

A

labor intensive

37
Q

agglomeration-

A

economic activity congregating or close to a single location, rather than being spread uniformly over space, ex: silicon valley

38
Q

Criticisms of Weber’s Least Cost Theory:

A

many assumption in theory are unrealistic and it’s an over simplified theory that takes weight and distance into transportation congestion

39
Q

How is the production of the world’s coal distributed?

A

1/2 in china, 1/4 in the US and the other 1/4 in other in other developing countries

40
Q

How is the production of the world’s petroleum distributed?

A

1/4 Russia and Saudi Arabia, 1/2 Central and Southwest Asia, and 1/4 US

41
Q

How is the production of the world’s natural gas distributed?

A

1/3 Russia and Southwest Asia, 1/3 developing regions, 1/3 the US

42
Q

How has the U.S. energy use changed over time?

A

The US consumed more petroleum than it consumed, the US then became a net importer of petroleum from the middle east, now we use Canada.

43
Q

OPEC

A

Formed to help oil-rich countries gain control of there resource, controls supply and prices, took control of US and European transnational cooperation.

44
Q

What does nationalize mean?

A

The industry was changed from private ownership to government owned

45
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

An increase of the temperature of the earth caused by CO2 emissions

46
Q

What percentage of the world’s electricity is powered by nuclear energy?

A

14%

47
Q

How is nuclear energy produced?

A

Uranium molecules are split- this is called fission

48
Q

What is bio-mass?

A

The burning of wood, plant material, or animal waste

49
Q

What are some drawbacks to nuclear energy?

A

Exposure to radioactive energy, and radioactive waste

50
Q

What is re-manufacturing?

A

Rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original product by using repaired, reused, and new parts

51
Q

What items can be re-manufactured readily?

A

paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum.

52
Q

How has the distribution of world industries changed since the 1970s?

A

In 1970 1/2 of the worlds industry was in Europe and 1/3 in North America, now its only 1/4 in each country

53
Q

Outsourcing-

A

corporations allocate production to low wage countries

54
Q

What is the driving factor behind a company’s decision to outsource? Is this a site or situation
factor?

A

It is the cost of labor therefore this is a site factor

55
Q

Define new international division of labor (also called global division of labor)-

A

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, high labor jobs from more developed to less developed countries.

56
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

One company controls all of the phases of production
Con- Companies can make cheaper parts
Pro- saves money and gives control

57
Q

foxconn

A

provides dorms for workers, workers are high skilled and payed low wages

58
Q

What about Mexico makes it attractive to industries?

A

Trade agreements have eliminated barriers between us and Mexico nearest low-wage country to the US so it satisfy site and situation factors

59
Q

Maquiladoras-

A

Manufacturing plants near the US border. Companies receive tax If they ship materials from us, assemble Parts at the maquiladoras and ship them back to the US

60
Q

Pros of NAFTA

A 
Lowered prices of goods
GDP becomes better
Diplomatic relations become better
increased exports
created regional production blocs
61
Q

Cons of NAFTA

A

US manufacturing jobs were loss

  • lower wages for people who didn’t go to college in the US
  • hurt small Mexican farmers and small business owners
  • NAFTA’s environmental/labor standards were not up to par
62
Q

Countries in BRICS

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

63
Q

What does BRICS do?

A

Have a bank that they share together and make good economic relations

64
Q

Right-to-work law

A

state laws that prohibit union security agreements between employers and labor unions

65
Q

What two factors make central Europe an attractive location for industry?

A

Lowest labor with close proximity to Western Europe

APHUG (4 decks)

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