Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Quorom Sensing

A

The way bacteria communicate cell to cell.

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2
Q

Sacchoromyces Cerevisiae reproduction

A
  1. Identifying sexual partners through chemical signaling
  2. Creating specific factors for opposite gender cells
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3
Q

Name the three processes of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Signal Reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Cellular Response
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4
Q

Long Distance signaling

A

Signaling through the endocrine system using Hormones as signals. They travel through the bloodstream until they reach a cell with their receptor type. (ex. Testosterone)

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5
Q

Local Signaling

A

Cell-to-Cell communication within cells that are close to each other, often wall-to-wall.

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6
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Local signaling where the molecules have to travel short distances

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7
Q

Growth Factor signaling

A

Communication through factors that promote cell growth and division

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8
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Electrical signals along the nerve that trigger neurotransmitter secretion

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Signal molecules used in the endocrine system to communicate with cells over a long distanc

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10
Q

How does epinephrine mobilize glucose

A

Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by signaling a molecule inside the cell to release glycogen phosphorylase.

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11
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

A series of steps linking a stimulus (cell signal) to a series of cellular responses.

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12
Q

Ligands

A

Molecules which specifically bind to other molecules

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13
Q

G Protein-coupled receptors

A

A signal receptor in the protein plasma membrane that responds to binding molecules.

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14
Q

Three major types of cell-surface receptors

A
  1. G Protein-coupled receptors
  2. Receptor Tyrosine kinases
  3. Ion Channel Receptors
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15
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Receptors that exist inside the cell, often in the nucleus, which accept cellular responses as signals.

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16
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins that control which genes are turned on, influencing mRNA transcription

17
Q

Aldosterone

A

Acts as a receptor and transducer.

18
Q

Protein Kinase

A

Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein.
Protein Phosphorylates

19
Q

Protein Phosphatases

A

An enzyme that removes proteins from proteins, reversing the effects of Kinases

20
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP, which acts as a common chemical signal (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells

21
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

A

An enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP when signaled to

22
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol

A

Second messengers are produced in the cleavage of phospholipids.

23
Q

Signal amplification

A

A signal can start a cellular response which created hundreds of molecules from a single signal.
Ex. Glucose from epinephrine

24
Q

What are the three types of responses in cells

A
  1. Signal amplification
  2. Signal Regulation
  3. Signal Enhancement
  4. Signal Termination
25
Q

What are the functions of Scaffolding Proteins

A

Scaffolding proteins act as transporters for proteins that are released from signals.

26
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)

A

The absence of a single relay/scaffolding protein inside the cell which leads to adverse effects

27
Q

Signal termination

A

As less molecules are bound to the receptors, cellular processes stop.

28
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled cell suicide

29
Q

What type of mutation causes cancer

A

A mutation that causes Ras to not be able to hydrolyze GDP to GTP.

30
Q

A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca2+ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca2+ __________.

A

is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal; is released from intracellular stores

31
Q

in which part of the cell are Ca2+ ions found

A

The ER

32
Q

What is the function of IP3

A

To bind to ER and release Ca2+