Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards
Quorom Sensing
The way bacteria communicate cell to cell.
Sacchoromyces Cerevisiae reproduction
- Identifying sexual partners through chemical signaling
- Creating specific factors for opposite gender cells
Name the three processes of Signal Transduction
- Signal Reception
- Signal Transduction
- Cellular Response
Long Distance signaling
Signaling through the endocrine system using Hormones as signals. They travel through the bloodstream until they reach a cell with their receptor type. (ex. Testosterone)
Local Signaling
Cell-to-Cell communication within cells that are close to each other, often wall-to-wall.
Paracrine Signaling
Local signaling where the molecules have to travel short distances
Growth Factor signaling
Communication through factors that promote cell growth and division
Synaptic Signaling
Electrical signals along the nerve that trigger neurotransmitter secretion
Hormones
Signal molecules used in the endocrine system to communicate with cells over a long distanc
How does epinephrine mobilize glucose
Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by signaling a molecule inside the cell to release glycogen phosphorylase.
Signal Transduction Pathway
A series of steps linking a stimulus (cell signal) to a series of cellular responses.
Ligands
Molecules which specifically bind to other molecules
G Protein-coupled receptors
A signal receptor in the protein plasma membrane that responds to binding molecules.
Three major types of cell-surface receptors
- G Protein-coupled receptors
- Receptor Tyrosine kinases
- Ion Channel Receptors
Intracellular Receptors
Receptors that exist inside the cell, often in the nucleus, which accept cellular responses as signals.
Transcription Factors
Proteins that control which genes are turned on, influencing mRNA transcription
Aldosterone
Acts as a receptor and transducer.
Protein Kinase
Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein.
Protein Phosphorylates
Protein Phosphatases
An enzyme that removes proteins from proteins, reversing the effects of Kinases
cAMP
Cyclic AMP, which acts as a common chemical signal (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells
Adenylyl Cyclase
An enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP when signaled to
Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol
Second messengers are produced in the cleavage of phospholipids.
Signal amplification
A signal can start a cellular response which created hundreds of molecules from a single signal.
Ex. Glucose from epinephrine
What are the three types of responses in cells
- Signal amplification
- Signal Regulation
- Signal Enhancement
- Signal Termination
What are the functions of Scaffolding Proteins
Scaffolding proteins act as transporters for proteins that are released from signals.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
The absence of a single relay/scaffolding protein inside the cell which leads to adverse effects
Signal termination
As less molecules are bound to the receptors, cellular processes stop.
Apoptosis
Controlled cell suicide
What type of mutation causes cancer
A mutation that causes Ras to not be able to hydrolyze GDP to GTP.
A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca2+ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca2+ __________.
is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal; is released from intracellular stores
in which part of the cell are Ca2+ ions found
The ER
What is the function of IP3
To bind to ER and release Ca2+
