Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Quorom Sensing

A

The way bacteria communicate cell to cell.

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2
Q

Sacchoromyces Cerevisiae reproduction

A
  1. Identifying sexual partners through chemical signaling
  2. Creating specific factors for opposite gender cells
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3
Q

Name the three processes of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Signal Reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Cellular Response
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4
Q

Long Distance signaling

A

Signaling through the endocrine system using Hormones as signals. They travel through the bloodstream until they reach a cell with their receptor type. (ex. Testosterone)

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5
Q

Local Signaling

A

Cell-to-Cell communication within cells that are close to each other, often wall-to-wall.

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6
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Local signaling where the molecules have to travel short distances

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7
Q

Growth Factor signaling

A

Communication through factors that promote cell growth and division

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8
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Electrical signals along the nerve that trigger neurotransmitter secretion

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Signal molecules used in the endocrine system to communicate with cells over a long distanc

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10
Q

How does epinephrine mobilize glucose

A

Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by signaling a molecule inside the cell to release glycogen phosphorylase.

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11
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

A series of steps linking a stimulus (cell signal) to a series of cellular responses.

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12
Q

Ligands

A

Molecules which specifically bind to other molecules

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13
Q

G Protein-coupled receptors

A

A signal receptor in the protein plasma membrane that responds to binding molecules.

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14
Q

Three major types of cell-surface receptors

A
  1. G Protein-coupled receptors
  2. Receptor Tyrosine kinases
  3. Ion Channel Receptors
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15
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Receptors that exist inside the cell, often in the nucleus, which accept cellular responses as signals.

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16
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins that control which genes are turned on, influencing mRNA transcription

17
Q

Aldosterone

A

Acts as a receptor and transducer.

18
Q

Protein Kinase

A

Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein.
Protein Phosphorylates

19
Q

Protein Phosphatases

A

An enzyme that removes proteins from proteins, reversing the effects of Kinases

20
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP, which acts as a common chemical signal (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells

21
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

A

An enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP when signaled to

22
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol

A

Second messengers are produced in the cleavage of phospholipids.

23
Q

Signal amplification

A

A signal can start a cellular response which created hundreds of molecules from a single signal.
Ex. Glucose from epinephrine

24
Q

What are the three types of responses in cells

A
  1. Signal amplification
  2. Signal Regulation
  3. Signal Enhancement
  4. Signal Termination
25
What are the functions of Scaffolding Proteins
Scaffolding proteins act as transporters for proteins that are released from signals.
26
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
The absence of a single relay/scaffolding protein inside the cell which leads to adverse effects
27
Signal termination
As less molecules are bound to the receptors, cellular processes stop.
28
Apoptosis
Controlled cell suicide
29
What type of mutation causes cancer
A mutation that causes Ras to not be able to hydrolyze GDP to GTP.
30
A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca2+ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca2+ __________.
is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal; is released from intracellular stores
31
in which part of the cell are Ca2+ ions found
The ER
32
What is the function of IP3
To bind to ER and release Ca2+