Chapter 11 Basicconcepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon only.
saturated
Containing single bonds only.
saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
unsaturated
Containing a multiple carbon-carbon bond.
homologous series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
alkanes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2n+2.
bond angle around carbon is 109.5
functional group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.
aliphatic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
alicyclic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic.
aromatic
Containing one or more benzene rings.
alkenes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with at one double carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2n.
alkynes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with one triple carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2nā2.
alkyl group
A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom removed from an alkane parent chain, for example, CH3, C2H5; any alkyl group is often shown as R.
Alkene (functional group + pre/suffix)
C=C -ene
Alcohol (functional group + pre/suffix)
-OH
prefix hydroxyl-
suffix -ol
Haloalkane (functional group + pre/suffix)
-Cl -Br -I
prefix chloro- bromo- iodo-
aldehyde (functional group + pre/suffix)
-CHO c=o
|
h
suffix -al
Ketone (functional group + pre/suffix)
-C(CO)C-
o
||
C-C-C
suffix -one
carboxylic acid (functional group + pre/suffix)
-COOH
-C=O
|
OH
suffix -oic acid
ester (functional group + pre/suffix)
-COOC-
-C=O
|
O -C
suffix -OATE
ACYL CHLORIDE (functional group + pre/suffix)
-COCl
-C=O
I
CL
suffix -oyl chloride
amine (functional group + pre/suffix)
-NH2
prefix amino-
suffix -amine
nitrile (functional group + pre/suffix)
-CN
suffix -nitrile
molecular formula
A formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
empirical formula
The formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
structural formula
A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a
molecule.
displayed formula
A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
skeletal formula
A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
general formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. For example, the general formula of the alkanes is CnH2n+2.
Homologous series general formula
Alkanes CnH2n+2 Alkenes CnH2n Alcohols CnH2n+1OH/ CnH2n+2O(molecular) Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 Ketones CnH2nO
structural isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae.
homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to an atom, forming a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion).
radical
A species with an unpaired electron.
reaction mechanism
The sequence of bond breaking and bond-forming steps that shows the path taken by electrons during a reaction.
addition reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a one saturated molecule.
substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different
atom or group of atoms.
elimination reaction
The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
