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A-level Chemistry > Chapter 11 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is organic chemistry

A

study of carbon based substances and compounds

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2
Q

give 4 facts about carbon bonding

A 
>covalent bonds
>4 outer shell electrons
>Tetrahedral arrangement
>109.5 bond angle
>Can bond to another atom of itself (catenation)
>Can form single, double, triple bonds
>Bonds are non polar
>High bond enthalpy
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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

all single bonds only

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5
Q

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

contains at least one C-C double/triple bond

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6
Q

what are the three types of hydrocarbon

A

aromatic
aliphatic
alicyclic

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7
Q

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon that contains a benzene ring

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8
Q

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon that doesn’t contain a benzene ring

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9
Q

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a ring structure

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10
Q

what is a benzene ring

A

ring of carbon atoms that each have one delocalised electron each

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11
Q

what is an alkane

A

saturated hydrocarbon that can be aliphatic or alicyclic

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12
Q

what are the two general formulas

A

Aliphatic CnH2n+2

Alicyclic CnH2n

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13
Q

what is molecular formula

give ethane as an example

A

shows the actual ratio of atoms in a compound

C2H6

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14
Q

what is the empirical formula

give ethane as an example

A

shows the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

CH3

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15
Q

what is the structural formula

give ethane as an example

A

shows the arrangement of atoms in a compound

CH3CH3

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16
Q

what is the display formula

A

shows all of the bonds in a compound in a diagram

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17
Q

what is a homologous series

A

group of chemicals with same general formula and similar chemical properties but a gradual change in physical properties

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18
Q

give the name of the first ten alkanes in ascending order

A 
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
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19
Q

what is the skeletal formula

A

formula that shows the carbon back bone structure of the compound

20
Q

what is a functional group

A

part of a molecule that affects the chemical properties of a compound

21
Q

decribe complete and incomplete combustion

A

both require oxygen as fuel and are exothermic processes. the products of complete combustion are the oxides of each element whereas incomplete produces carbon monoxide and soot particles

22
Q

what is first step for naming an organic compound

A

identify homologous series present

23
Q

what is the second step for naming organic compound

A

count number of Carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain

24
Q

what is the third step for naming organic compound

A

identify any side chains and name them using yl

25
Q

what is the fourth step for naming organic compound

A

say where the side chain is using numbers and di, tri etc if there are multiple. Then write down whole thing with side chains in alphabetical order then main chain

26
Q

how are side chains represented in structural formulas

A

in brackets next to the carbon it has a bond with

27
Q

what is an isomer

A

compound with same molecular formula but different structural formula

28
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

isomer where atoms are bonded in a different order

29
Q

what are the three structural isomers

A

chain isomer
positional isomer
functional group isomers

30
Q

what is a chain isomer

A

a structural isomer where one of the carbon bonds is broken and then remade at a different along the chain

31
Q

what is a positional isomer

A

a structural isomer where the same functional group is used but at different positions along the chain

32
Q

what is a functional group isomer

A

a structural isomer where a different functional group is used each time leading to different chemical and physical properties

33
Q

what is used to signify the movement of electrons

A

curly arrows

34
Q

what do bond fissions can covalent bonds undergo

A

homolytic bond fission

heterolytic bond fission

35
Q

what is homolytic bond fission

A

when a bond breaks into two equal parts so each bonding atom receives one electron each

36
Q

what is a radical

A

chemical species with an unpaired electron

37
Q

what are the three stages of a radical reaction

A

initiation reaction
propagation reaction
termination reaction

38
Q

what is an initiation reaction

A

when a bond breaks to form two radicals

39
Q

what is a propagation reaction

A

when one radical reacts with a chemical species to form a new different radical

40
Q

what is a termination reaction

A

when two radicals react to form no more radicals

41
Q

what is heterolytic bond fission

A

covalent bonds break unequally due to electronegativity so that one of the bonding atoms takes both electrons to form a negatively charged ion

42
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

chemical species that is attracted to positively charged particles and has itself a lone pair that can be used for bonding

43
Q

what are the three types of reaction

A

substitution
elimination
addition

44
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

atom or molecule is replaced by a different atom or molecule

45
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

46
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

2 molecules react to form 1 product molecule

A-level Chemistry (19 decks)

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