Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the homologous series?
Compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
What is a hydrocarbon?
Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
Has single bonds only
e.g. alkanes
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Contains at least one C=C double bond
e.g. alkenes
What is a functional group?
Part of an organic molecule is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
e.g. alcohols -OH group
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched chains or non-aromatic rings
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined together in ring structures with or without branches
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Some or all of the carbon atoms can be found in a benzene ring
What is an alkane?
Hydrocarbon containing only single C-C bonds
What is an alkene?
Hydrocarbon containing at least one C-C double bond
What is an alkyne?
Hydrocarbon containing at least one C-C triple bond
What is the stem for naming alkenes with 1-10 carbon atoms?
1 - meth-
2 - eth-
3 - prop-
4 - but-
5 - pent-
6 - hex-
7 - hept-
8 - oct-
9 - non-
10 - dec-
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for alkenes?
C=C
-ene
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for alcohols?
-OH
hydroxy- or -ol
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for haloalkanes?
-Cl, -Br, -I
chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for aldehydes?
-CHO
-al
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for ketones?
-C(CO)C-
-one
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for carboxylic acids?
-COOH
-oic acid
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for esters?
-COOC-
-oate
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for acyl chlorides?
-COCl
-oyl chloride
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for amines?
-NH2
amino- or -amine
What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for nitriles?
-CN
-nitrile
What is molecular formula?
The number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
e.g. C2H6O (ethanol)
What is empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
e.g. C6H12O6 -> CH2O
What is general formula?
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of the homologous series
e.g. CnH2n+2 (alkanes)
What is displayed formula?
Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
What is structural formula?
Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3
What is structural isomerism?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
How does isomerism occur in molecules with the same functional group?
The functional group can be found at different positions along the carbon chain
Can isomerism occur in molecules with different functional groups?
Yes, some molecules can make up different functional groups
e.g. aldehydes and ketones
What is homolytic fission?
Each of the bonded atoms in a covalent bond, takes one of the shared pair of electrons
Each atom now has a single unpaired electron
Forms a radical
What is heterolytic fission?
One of the atoms from the covalent bond takes both of the electrons from the bond
Atom that takes both of the electrons forms a negative ion
Other atom forms a positive ion
What do curly arrows represent?
Movement of electron pairs when bonds are being made or broken
What are the three types of reaction?
Addition
Substitution
Elimination
What is an addition reaction?
Two reactants joining together to form one product
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one
One reactant molecule forms two products
