Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

Has single bonds only

Question 3

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

Contains carbon to carbon double bond

Question 4

What is a homologous series?

Answer 4

Series of organic molecules that have the same functional group. All have similar chemical properties and same general formula. Successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group

Question 5

What is a functional group?

Answer 5

Group of atoms responsible for molecule’s chemical properties

Question 6

What is a aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 6

Compound where carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.

Question 7

What is a alicyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 7

Compound where carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

Question 8

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 8

Form aromatic rings of delocalised sea of electrons due to 1 carbon atom joined to 3 others, so each carbon atom has one outer shell electron left over.

Question 9

How do you name aliphatic alkanes?

Answer 9

• Identify the longest continuous carbon chain - this is the stem.
• Add suffix - ane to end of stem.
• Identify any side chains attached to the parent chain - known as alkyl groups. Add prefix to the name of the parent chain and number representing position of alkyl group on parent chain.
  e. g. 2-methylbutane

Question 10

How do you name alicyclic alkanes?

Answer 10

• Put prefix cyclo- in front of the stem that shows amount of carbon atoms arranged in ring structure

Question 11

How do you name alkenes?

Answer 11

• Same as aliphatic alkanes but add suffix -ene instead of -ane and add number showing where the double bond is in alkene before the suffix.
  e. g. Pent-2-ene

Question 12

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Answer 12

-CHO Carbon - oxygen double bond at end of compound

Question 13

What is the functional group of a ketone?

Answer 13

• C(CO)C - Carbon - oxygen double bond in middle of compound

Question 14

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 14

COOH

Question 15

What is the functional group of an ester?

Answer 15

COOC

Question 16

What is the functional group of a acyl chloride?

Answer 16

COCl

Question 17

What is a general formula?

Answer 17

Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

Question 18

What is the displayed formula?

Answer 18

• Shows relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

Question 19

What is the structural formula?

Answer 19

Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Shows clearly which groups are bonded together.

Question 20

What is the skeletal formula?

Answer 20

A simplified organic formula. Removing: all carbon and hydrogen labels and any bond to hydrogen atoms. Line represents a single bond and intersection representing carbon atom.
e.g. 2-methylhexane

Question 21

What are structural isomers?

Answer 21

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 22

Name 3 types of structural isomerism?

Answer 22

• Chain isomers
• Position isomers
• Functional group isomers

Question 23

Briefly describe chain isomers

Answer 23

When the carbon chain has changed e.g. added branch

Question 24

Briefly describe positional isomers

Answer 24

When the carbon chain and attached atoms are the same but functional group attached to changed carbon

e.g. 1-fluoropropane and 2-fluoropropane

Question 25

Briefly describe functional group isomers?

Answer 25

Have exact same atoms but these are sorted into changed functional group?

e.g. cyclobutane and but-1-ene

Question 26

What are the 2 ways covalent bonds can be split?

Answer 26

homolytic fission and hetrolytic fission

Question 27

What happens in homolytic fission?

Answer 27

Each of the atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unpaired electron - AKA a radical

Question 28

What is hetrolytic fission?

Answer 28

• One of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond.
  atom that takes electrons becomes negative ion. Atom that doesn’t take electrons becomes positive ion.

Question 29

What is a reaction mechanism?

Answer 29

Describes steps involved in a reaction. Overall showing how the reaction takes place.

Question 30

What are the curly arrows used for in a reaction mechanism?

Answer 30

Used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

Question 31

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 31

When a molecule is added to a unsaturated alkene, breaking the double bond, to form a single saturated compound

Question 32

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 32

Reaction where one functional group is replaced by another functional group.

Question 33

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 33

Reaction where atom(s) are removed from a molecule to produce a new small particle