Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
Has single bonds only
What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Contains carbon to carbon double bond
What is a homologous series?
Series of organic molecules that have the same functional group. All have similar chemical properties and same general formula. Successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
What is a functional group?
Group of atoms responsible for molecule’s chemical properties
What is a aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Compound where carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.
What is a alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Compound where carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Form aromatic rings of delocalised sea of electrons due to 1 carbon atom joined to 3 others, so each carbon atom has one outer shell electron left over.
How do you name aliphatic alkanes?
- Identify the longest continuous carbon chain - this is the stem.
- Add suffix - ane to end of stem.
- Identify any side chains attached to the parent chain - known as alkyl groups. Add prefix to the name of the parent chain and number representing position of alkyl group on parent chain.
e. g. 2-methylbutane
How do you name alicyclic alkanes?
- Put prefix cyclo- in front of the stem that shows amount of carbon atoms arranged in ring structure
How do you name alkenes?
- Same as aliphatic alkanes but add suffix -ene instead of -ane and add number showing where the double bond is in alkene before the suffix.
e. g. Pent-2-ene
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
-CHO Carbon - oxygen double bond at end of compound
What is the functional group of a ketone?
- C(CO)C - Carbon - oxygen double bond in middle of compound
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
COOH
What is the functional group of an ester?
COOC
What is the functional group of a acyl chloride?
COCl
What is a general formula?
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
What is the displayed formula?
- Shows relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
What is the structural formula?
Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Shows clearly which groups are bonded together.
What is the skeletal formula?
A simplified organic formula. Removing: all carbon and hydrogen labels and any bond to hydrogen atoms. Line represents a single bond and intersection representing carbon atom.
e.g. 2-methylhexane
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Name 3 types of structural isomerism?
- Chain isomers
- Position isomers
- Functional group isomers
Briefly describe chain isomers
When the carbon chain has changed e.g. added branch
Briefly describe positional isomers
When the carbon chain and attached atoms are the same but functional group attached to changed carbon
e.g. 1-fluoropropane and 2-fluoropropane
Briefly describe functional group isomers?
Have exact same atoms but these are sorted into changed functional group?
e.g. cyclobutane and but-1-ene
What are the 2 ways covalent bonds can be split?
homolytic fission and hetrolytic fission
What happens in homolytic fission?
Each of the atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unpaired electron - AKA a radical
What is hetrolytic fission?
- One of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond.
atom that takes electrons becomes negative ion. Atom that doesn’t take electrons becomes positive ion.
What is a reaction mechanism?
Describes steps involved in a reaction. Overall showing how the reaction takes place.
What are the curly arrows used for in a reaction mechanism?
Used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
When a molecule is added to a unsaturated alkene, breaking the double bond, to form a single saturated compound
What is a substitution reaction?
Reaction where one functional group is replaced by another functional group.
What is an elimination reaction?
Reaction where atom(s) are removed from a molecule to produce a new small particle
