Chapter 11 and 12

Question 1

Pruning and an increase in myelination
▫ Cognition
▫ Processing speed
▫ Attention
▫ Memory
▫ Planning
▫ Integrate information
▫ Self-regulation

Answer 1

Brain changes

Question 2

Piaget’s 4 Stages

Answer 2

0 - 2 Years - Sensorimotor
 Substages from birth until 24 months
2 - 7 Years - Preoperational
7 - 12 Years - Concrete operational
12 Years and up - Formal operational

Question 3

Children can think deeply about concrete events
and can reason abstractly and hypothetically.

Answer 3

Formal Operational Stage (12+)

Question 4

Ability to think abstractly and reason
hypothetically.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Ability to engage in scientific thinking

Answer 4

Piaget’s Formal Operations Stage

Question 5

Unsystematic experiments prior to Formal Operations

Answer 5

Pendulum Problem

Question 6

Puberty, Early-maturing girls and boys, Parent-child relationship

Answer 6

Physical changes

Question 7

Menarche

Answer 7

first menstuation

Question 8

Spermarche

Answer 8

first ejaculation

Question 9

Girls experience growth burst earlier
than boys
* Growth is uneven across different parts
of the body
* Body composition (the proportion of fat
and of muscle) changes with age
▫ Puberty causes physical changes related
to reproduction
▫ Body image concerns

Answer 9

Body Changes

Question 10

distorted body image leading to starvation
▫ Effort to establish control and autonomy over
aspects of their life

Answer 10

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 11

eating binges followed by self-
induced purging
▫ Adolescence or early adulthood
▫ Linked to low self-esteem, childhood obesity,
and various psychiatric problems
▫ More common than anorexia

Answer 11

Bulimia

Question 12

Abstract thinking emerges
 Concern with social competence and social acceptance
 Adolescents are egocentric (again!)
 Personal fables
 Imaginary audience

Answer 12

The Self in Adolescence

Question 13

voluntarily formed
5-7 kids
 Held together with something
 Gender, race, interests…
 Changes with age
 Less conformity, more than one
 Fewer in late HS

Answer 13

Cliques

Question 14

are groups of adolescents that are not made by choice, but by stereotype

Answer 14

Crowds

Question 15

Girls vs. Boys in cliques

Answer 15

Girls are more likely be in cliques
 Boys appear to have a greater diversity of friends
 By 7th grade, cliques may include boys and girls

Question 16

self-concept
is more integrated and less
determined by what others think

Answer 16

Late adolescence

Question 17

Proposed 8 age-related development stages that
span infancy to old age
Each stage is characterized by a crisis
An unresolved task will impede developmental
progress

Answer 17

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development

Question 18

1.Basic trust vs. Mistrust: 0 -1
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 1- 3
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: 4 - 6
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: 6 - puberty
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolescence - early adulthood

Answer 18

Erikson’s first 5 Stages

Question 19

resolve the identity vs. identity
confusion crisis

Answer 19

Adolescence

Question 20

Choice of personal, occupational, sexual, and
ideological commitments

Answer 20

Identity

Question 21

Incomplete and incoherent sense of
self

Answer 21

Identity confusion

Question 22

Premature commitment to an
identity

Answer 22

Identify foreclosure

Question 23

opposite of what is valued
by people around the adolescent

Answer 23

Negative identity

Question 24

A time-out period
during which the adolescent can explore
possibilities

Answer 24

Psychosocial moratorium

Question 25

measured identity-status categories

Answer 25

James Marcia (1980)

Question 26

No firm commitments and no progress

Answer 26

Identity-diffusion

Question 27

Identity is based on the choices of others
without experimentation

Answer 27

Foreclosure

Question 28

Various choices are explored, but no
commitment

Answer 28

Moratorium

Question 29

An autonomous choice is made
based on explored options

Answer 29

Identity-achievements

Question 30

Overly protective or authoritarian parents may contribute
to foreclosed-identity status
 An individual’s own behavior may undermine the ability
to develop a healthy identity
 Ex: Drug use
 Identity formation is influenced by social/historical
contexts
 Ex: Girls today have more or different options than girls had in the
past

Answer 30

Influences on Identity Formation

Question 31

Gender intensification during adolescence

Answer 31

Pubertal changes

Question 32

A core component of adolescent identity

Answer 32

Dealing with new feelings of sexuality is difficult for
many adolescents
But probably harder for some adolescents than for
others

Question 33

Sexual Minority Youth

Answer 33

Most research studies indicate that biological
factors are involved in sexual and gender identity
Environment may be a factor in “coming out”
Earlier ages than in previous cohorts
Typically, sexual-minority youth do not disclose
their same-sex preferences until…
 To peers or siblings, 16 -19
 To parents, a year or two later, if at all
 Pressures of coping with their sexuality may lead to
increased risk of suicide attempts

Question 34

Ways in which “parents shape children’s learning about
their own race and about relations between ethnic groups”

Answer 34

Parental Racial Socialization

Question 35

Promote pride in one’s race, culture, or ethnicity

Answer 35

Race Pride

Question 36

Raise awareness of racial discrimination & help youth develop
effective coping skills when they encounter racism

Answer 36

Preparation for Bias

Question 37

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Judgment

Answer 37

Children’s cognitive capabilities determine the
development of moral reasoning
Moral development builds on concepts gained
in previous stages

Question 38

The Heinz Dilemma

Answer 38

Should the husband steal the drug for his wife?

Question 39

The consequences of an action determine whether the act is considered good or bad

Answer 39

Preconventional Level
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation

Question 40

An individual conforms to rules so he or she can gain rewards and/or fulfill personal desires

Answer 40

Preconventional Level
Stage 2: Instrumental and exchange orientation

Question 41

“Good boy” or “good girl” morality
Right or wrong are determined by the approval of others

Answer 41

Conventional Level
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations,
relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 42

Believes that it is right to conform to society’s rules and
laws
Belief that laws maintain order; basis for social conformity

Answer 42

Conventional level
Stage 4: Social system and conscience (“law and
order”)

Question 43

Deeper understanding of the purpose that laws serve
Concern that laws are arrived at by democratic process; ensuring maximum social welfare

Answer 43

Postconventional Level
Stage 5: Social contract or individual rights orientation

Question 44

Right and wrong are based on self-chosen principles
Requires much abstract thought and reasoning
Taking the perspective of all others

Answer 44

Postconventional Level
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle

Question 45

Critique of Kohlberg’s Theory

Answer 45

His work is not validated cross-culturally, especially in less intellectualized societies
 Development of moral reasoning may not be discontinuous
 Children may gradually acquire differing skills
 Who were his participants?

Question 46

found sex differences in moral development
 Girls: focus more on interpersonal outcomes and caring
 Boys: emphasize logic and balance between life and property rights
These differences have not been widely shown

Answer 46

Carol Gilligan

Question 47

Factors associated with depression

Answer 47

Genetics
 Maladaptive belief symptoms
 Feelings of powerlessness
 Negative beliefs and self-perceptions
 Lack of social skills
 Family factors
 Likely due to a combination of personal vulnerability and external stressful factors