Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards
Pruning and an increase in myelination
▫ Cognition
▫ Processing speed
▫ Attention
▫ Memory
▫ Planning
▫ Integrate information
▫ Self-regulation
Brain changes
Piaget’s 4 Stages
0 - 2 Years - Sensorimotor
Substages from birth until 24 months
2 - 7 Years - Preoperational
7 - 12 Years - Concrete operational
12 Years and up - Formal operational
Children can think deeply about concrete events
and can reason abstractly and hypothetically.
Formal Operational Stage (12+)
Ability to think abstractly and reason
hypothetically.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Ability to engage in scientific thinking
Piaget’s Formal Operations Stage
Unsystematic experiments prior to Formal Operations
Pendulum Problem
Puberty, Early-maturing girls and boys, Parent-child relationship
Physical changes
Menarche
first menstuation
Spermarche
first ejaculation
Girls experience growth burst earlier
than boys
* Growth is uneven across different parts
of the body
* Body composition (the proportion of fat
and of muscle) changes with age
▫ Puberty causes physical changes related
to reproduction
▫ Body image concerns
Body Changes
distorted body image leading to starvation
▫ Effort to establish control and autonomy over
aspects of their life
Anorexia Nervosa
eating binges followed by self-
induced purging
▫ Adolescence or early adulthood
▫ Linked to low self-esteem, childhood obesity,
and various psychiatric problems
▫ More common than anorexia
Bulimia
Abstract thinking emerges
Concern with social competence and social acceptance
Adolescents are egocentric (again!)
Personal fables
Imaginary audience
The Self in Adolescence
voluntarily formed
5-7 kids
Held together with something
Gender, race, interests…
Changes with age
Less conformity, more than one
Fewer in late HS
Cliques
are groups of adolescents that are not made by choice, but by stereotype
Crowds
Girls vs. Boys in cliques
Girls are more likely be in cliques
Boys appear to have a greater diversity of friends
By 7th grade, cliques may include boys and girls
self-concept
is more integrated and less
determined by what others think
Late adolescence
Proposed 8 age-related development stages that
span infancy to old age
Each stage is characterized by a crisis
An unresolved task will impede developmental
progress
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development
1.Basic trust vs. Mistrust: 0 -1
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 1- 3
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: 4 - 6
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: 6 - puberty
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolescence - early adulthood
Erikson’s first 5 Stages
resolve the identity vs. identity
confusion crisis
Adolescence
Choice of personal, occupational, sexual, and
ideological commitments
Identity
Incomplete and incoherent sense of
self
Identity confusion
Premature commitment to an
identity
Identify foreclosure
opposite of what is valued
by people around the adolescent
Negative identity
A time-out period
during which the adolescent can explore
possibilities
Psychosocial moratorium
measured identity-status categories
James Marcia (1980)
No firm commitments and no progress
Identity-diffusion
Identity is based on the choices of others
without experimentation
Foreclosure
Various choices are explored, but no
commitment
Moratorium
An autonomous choice is made
based on explored options
Identity-achievements
Overly protective or authoritarian parents may contribute
to foreclosed-identity status
An individual’s own behavior may undermine the ability
to develop a healthy identity
Ex: Drug use
Identity formation is influenced by social/historical
contexts
Ex: Girls today have more or different options than girls had in the
past
Influences on Identity Formation
Gender intensification during adolescence
Pubertal changes
A core component of adolescent identity
Dealing with new feelings of sexuality is difficult for
many adolescents
But probably harder for some adolescents than for
others
Sexual Minority Youth
Most research studies indicate that biological
factors are involved in sexual and gender identity
Environment may be a factor in “coming out”
Earlier ages than in previous cohorts
Typically, sexual-minority youth do not disclose
their same-sex preferences until…
To peers or siblings, 16 -19
To parents, a year or two later, if at all
Pressures of coping with their sexuality may lead to
increased risk of suicide attempts
Ways in which “parents shape children’s learning about
their own race and about relations between ethnic groups”
Parental Racial Socialization
Promote pride in one’s race, culture, or ethnicity
Race Pride
Raise awareness of racial discrimination & help youth develop
effective coping skills when they encounter racism
Preparation for Bias
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Judgment
Children’s cognitive capabilities determine the
development of moral reasoning
Moral development builds on concepts gained
in previous stages
The Heinz Dilemma
Should the husband steal the drug for his wife?
The consequences of an action determine whether the act is considered good or bad
Preconventional Level
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation
An individual conforms to rules so he or she can gain rewards and/or fulfill personal desires
Preconventional Level
Stage 2: Instrumental and exchange orientation
“Good boy” or “good girl” morality
Right or wrong are determined by the approval of others
Conventional Level
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations,
relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Believes that it is right to conform to society’s rules and
laws
Belief that laws maintain order; basis for social conformity
Conventional level
Stage 4: Social system and conscience (“law and
order”)
Deeper understanding of the purpose that laws serve
Concern that laws are arrived at by democratic process; ensuring maximum social welfare
Postconventional Level
Stage 5: Social contract or individual rights orientation
Right and wrong are based on self-chosen principles
Requires much abstract thought and reasoning
Taking the perspective of all others
Postconventional Level
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
Critique of Kohlberg’s Theory
His work is not validated cross-culturally, especially in less intellectualized societies
Development of moral reasoning may not be discontinuous
Children may gradually acquire differing skills
Who were his participants?
found sex differences in moral development
Girls: focus more on interpersonal outcomes and caring
Boys: emphasize logic and balance between life and property rights
These differences have not been widely shown
Carol Gilligan
Factors associated with depression
Genetics
Maladaptive belief symptoms
Feelings of powerlessness
Negative beliefs and self-perceptions
Lack of social skills
Family factors
Likely due to a combination of personal vulnerability and external stressful factors
