Chapter 11 Flashcards
How many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell?
4
What is a hydrocarbon?
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
single bonds only
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
What is a homologous series?
a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH₂- group
What is a functional group?
the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
What can hydrocarbons be classified as?
1) aliphatic
2) alicyclic
3) aromatic
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms joined in unbranched/branched chains/non-aromatic rings
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms joined in ring structures, with/without branches
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
benzene ring
What is an alkane?
contains single C-C bonds
What is an alkene?
contains at least one C=C bond
What is an alkyne?
contains at least one C≡C bond
What is general formula?
simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
What are structural isomers?
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
How can covalent bonds be broken?
1) homolytic fission
2) heterolytic fission
What is homolytic fission?
each bonded atom takes on of the shared pair of electrons from bond
What is a radical?
atom/group of atoms with unpaired electron
What is heterolytic fission?
one bonded atom takes both electrons from bond
What do curly arrows show in a reaction mechanism?
movement of electron pairs
What is an addition reaction?
2 reactants join to form 1 product
What is a substitution reaction?
atom/group of atoms replaced by different atom/group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction?
removal of small molecule from larger one
